No ke aha i makemake ʻia ai nā Photovoltaics e ka mākeke?Hiki ke loaʻa nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mana Photovoltaic Distributed?

Ua'ōlelo muaʻo Musk: E hāʻawi mai iaʻu i kahi me kahi manamana lima ma ka palapala'āina oʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa, a hiki iaʻu ke hana i ka ikehu e hiki ai ke hoʻolako i ka United States holoʻokoʻa.ʻO ke ʻano āna i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ka photovoltaic power generation +mālama ikehu.

Inā he panalāʻau nui ma Kina, e like me Inner Mongolia/Qinghai a me nā panalāʻau ʻē aʻe me kahi ākea nui, hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu lā a me nā kumu ʻāina no ka hana mana, hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka mana uila o ka ʻāina ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono.

ʻO 254.4GW ka mana o Kina i kēia manawa i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā photovoltaics, akā ma lalo o ka manaʻo o ke kalapona neutrality, maʻemaʻe, pollution-free/inexhaustible solar energy i kēia manawa ke kuhikuhi maikaʻi loa.

I loko o kahi hōʻike i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Malaki o kēia makahiki, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka makahiki 2030, hiki i ka mana hana mana photovoltaic i kau ʻia ma Kina e hiki i 1,025GW, a i ka makahiki 2060, hiki i ka mana hoʻomohala photovoltaic i hoʻokomo ʻia i 3800GW.ʻO ka ikehu maʻemaʻe o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hydropower/nuclear power/wind/photovoltaic power generation, ʻaʻole i nui ka nui.ʻO kahi kiʻi ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka makahiki i hala, ʻo ka mana o ka hydropower he 370 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ka mana nuklea he 50 miliona kilowatts, ʻo ka mana makani he 280 miliona kilowatts, a ʻo ka mana photovoltaic he 250 miliona kilowatts.

Nui nā kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mana o ka mana photovoltaic ma mua o ka mana makani.No ke aha i manaʻo nui ai ka mākeke e pili ana i ka mana photovoltaic?

1. Kumukuai Haahaa

I nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua hāʻule ke kumu kūʻai o ka hana mana photovoltaic no ka kilowatt-hour ma 89%, a ʻo ka awelika kumukūʻai o ka uila no ka kilowatt-hola kekahi o nā kumu mana haʻahaʻa loa o nā ʻano hana mana.ʻO ka awelika kumu kūʻai o nā kahua mana o ka honua i ka makahiki 2019 he 4.55 yuan no ka watt, ma ia manawa he 0.44 yuan ke kumukūʻai uila no ka hola kilowatt;i 2020, ʻo ke kumukūʻai uila he 3.8 yuan no ka watt, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai uila he 0.36 yuan no ka kilowatt-hola.E hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka 5-10% i kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a wānana ka ʻikepili e hāʻule i 2.62 yuan/W e 2025.

Ua hoʻokō ka photovoltaic o Kina i ka ʻike pūnaewele parity.I kēia manawa, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā kūlanakauhale papa mua a me ka papa ʻelua a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumu lā i loaʻa nā kōkua photovoltaic.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina i loaʻa i ka pono ponoʻī, hoʻemi ʻia ke kumu kūʻai photovoltaic, hoʻonui i ka mana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mana hana pono o ka silikon monocrystalline / polycrystalline silicon, a e hoʻemi hou ʻia ke kumukūʻai i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ka mea a mākou e kū nei i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka pilikia o ka hemahema o ka upstream, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka hiki ke hana i nā mea silika ke hoʻomau i ka ʻai ʻana, e hopena i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā modula photovoltaic a me nā brackets ma mua o kekahi mau makahiki i hala.

2. Pokole Kapili Manawa

Paʻakikī loa ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kahua wai.He 15 mau makahiki i hoʻopau ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o Three Gorges Dam, a he 1.13 miliona mau kānaka ʻōiwi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia.Ma lalo o ke kūlana o kēia manawa, paʻakikī ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā ʻEkolu Gorges, ua lōʻihi ka pōʻai a ua kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai.ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ka manawa hana o nā kikowaena hydropower nui a me waena he 5-10 mau makahiki, a ʻo ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kikowaena hydropower liʻiliʻi he 2-3 mau makahiki.ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi wale nō ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana o ka hydropower station, ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu mana nuklea, e pili ana i nā pilikia palekana nuklea.ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻae ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono, ka ʻenekinia kīwila, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana e lawe i 5-8 mau makahiki.

ʻAʻole like ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hoʻokomo o ka makani makani, ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki ua lawa.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo pili, ʻo ka hana mana photovoltaic ka hale mana mālama manawa.Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka mana o ka mana kiʻi kiʻekiʻe i kekahi manawa, akā i kēia manawa ka mea kaulana photovoltaic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea kanu mana photovoltaic me ka manaʻo o nā mana mana a i ʻole microgrids, i loko o 3 mau mahina Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hale mana, a me ka manawa pōkole. kūpono loa ia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kālā.

Ma hope o ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i nā pōmaikaʻi, e nānā kākou i nā hemahema.No ke aha i piha ai ka mākeke i nā kānalua e pili ana i nā photovoltaics?

Ke kū nei ka hana mana photovoltaic i ʻekolu pilikia nui.ʻO kekahi ka hana mana paʻa ʻole, a he nui ka nui o nā kukui a me ka uila;ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mana mana ma nā wahi mamao loa a paʻakikī ke lawe;ke kolu, centralized photovoltaics noho i ka nui o ka Land wahi.

E kālailai pakahi aku kakou i keia mau pilikia ekolu.

a.Haalele i ka Malamalama a me ka Uila

ʻO ke kumu o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka mālamalama he nui loa ka mana.

ʻOiai ke hōʻemi nei nā aupuni kūloko a pau i ka uila, ʻaʻole lawa ka uila a pau.ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā panalāʻau me nā kumuwaiwai he nui e like me Qinghai a me Inner Mongolia i lawa pono ka hana mana.Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole wale ka makani makani a i ʻole photovoltaics, ke kū nei lākou a pau i kahi pilikia nui: ʻo ka hana mana ʻole.

Hoʻoholo ka lewa i ka nui o ka uila i hana ʻia.ʻO ke kumu o ka hana mana photovoltaic ʻo ia ka lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana o ke ao ma mua o ke ahiahi, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana o ka lā ma mua o ka ua.ʻO ka hopena, hilinaʻi ka mana photovoltaic i ke aniau a ʻaʻohe ona mana kūʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ka mālama ʻana i ka uila i hana ʻia i nā wā kiʻekiʻe ma kekahi ʻano.ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu ka hana ʻana i ka mana photovoltaic i ʻoi aku ka paʻa a hoʻokō i kahi kūlana o ka kahiki kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ke awāwa.Aia i kēia manawa ʻelua ʻano hana mālama ikehu koʻikoʻi.ʻO kekahi, ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical, e hoʻohana ana i nā pila e mālama i ka ikehu uila;ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe he hydrogen ikehu, nāna e hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i ka ikehu hydrogen, kahi kūpono no ka lawe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia inā pono.

Loaʻa i ka Photovoltaic kekahi drawback: e pohō ka helu hoʻololi photoelectric i ka manawa.Ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale mana wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, akā ʻo nā ʻāpana o ka hale mana photovoltaic e hoʻolōʻihi i ka wā, a hiki ke hoʻomaha i nā makahiki 15.

b.Kaʻa Uila

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mana like ʻole ma nā wahi like ʻole he pilikia ʻōnaehana.

He ʻāina ākea a he nui nā kumu waiwai o Kina, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻano hana mana.Ma nā wahi e like me Yunnan a me Sichuan, kahi e nui ai ka wai, hiki ke hoʻohana hou aku i ka hydropower, a hoʻohana hou ʻia ka mana makani a me ka mana photovoltaic ma ke komohana ʻākau.Hoʻoholo pololei ka wahi ʻāina i ka nui o ka hana mana.Pono e ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana mana ma nā wahi maloʻo ma ke komohana ʻākau ma mua o nā wahi me ka ua nui ma ka hikina hema, ke komohana hema, a pēlā aku.ʻaʻole lawa nā kumu waiwai o nā wahi paʻapū.ʻOiai he nui ka heluna kanaka ma ka hikina a me ke kūkulu hema, ua kaupalena ʻia ka mana wela a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ikehu maʻemaʻe.

ʻO ka pilikia o ka hāʻawi like ʻole ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻāina ʻāina ʻo ia ka pilikia e hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka hoʻoili mana mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.Pono e lawe ʻia ka mana makani ʻĀkau komohana, ka mana photovoltaic, a me ke komohana hema i nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia ma ka hema o ka Hikina Waena, kahi e koi ai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mana mana a me ka pono o ka UHV lōʻihi ka hoʻoili mana a me ka hoʻololi.

Nā papahana UHV, me nā lako, nā hale kiaʻi,uwea photovoltaica me nā ʻoihana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i nā lako a me nā kaula i ka mākeke.Loaʻa nā lako hana i nā lako DC a me nā lako AC, e like me nā mea hoʻololi a me nā reactors.

c.Kāohi ʻĀpana

No ke aha e hiki ai i ka Northwestern Kina wale nō ke hoʻohana i nā photovoltaics?No ka mea i ka ʻenehana mua, makemake nui ka mākeke i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mana photovoltaic centralized, nui ka nui o nā panela photovoltaic e noho i ka ʻāina e hoʻohua i ka uila.

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka papa waena, ʻo nā wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō e like me ka Northwest hiki ke loaʻa kēia ʻano.Eia naʻe, he mea makamae ka waiwai o ka ʻāina ma waena a me ka hikina, a ʻaʻohe kūlana e komo ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mana photovoltaic centralized, no laila ua kaulana ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mana photovoltaic i kēia manawa.

ʻElua ʻano o ka puʻunaue ʻia, ʻo ka photovoltaic rooftop, a ʻo ka photovoltaic hoʻohui ʻia kekahi.Loaʻa i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi hale i nā palena ikaika a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no laila ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā hopena hoʻolaha.I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka mākeke e pili ana i ka hoʻohui photovoltaic, ʻo ia hoʻi, photovoltaic roof + photovoltaic curtain wall.ʻO nā mea kanu mana photovoltaic i hāʻawi ʻia e pili ana i nā mea kanu mana photovoltaic ma lalo o 6MW, maʻamau nā hana hana mana photovoltaic i kūkulu ʻia ma nā hale kūkulu hale a me nā ʻāina neoneo ʻē aʻe.He pōkole ka mamao o ka ukana, he pōkole ka mamao o ka hoʻouna ʻana, a he maʻalahi ke hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi, no laila ua hoʻohiki ʻia nā manaʻo.