Hnub Ci DC Cable
Vim yog tsim ob txheej rwb thaiv tsev, H1Z2Z2-K muaj kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob thiab kho tshuab zoo dua li PV1-F. Lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm H1Z2Z2-K yog DC 1.5kV, thaum lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm PV1-F yog DC 1.0kV. Qhov no qhia tau tias H1Z2Z2-K tuaj yeem muab kev sib kis zoo dua thiab kev ruaj khov.
Tus qauv EN 50618 suav nrog cov xov hluav taws xob uas tsis muaj pa luam yeeb halogen, yoog tau, ib lub tub ntxhais sib txuas uas muaj rwb thaiv tsev thiab txheej.
Cov cables no yog tsim rau kev siv rau ntawm sab tam sim no (dc) ntawm cov photovoltaic systems nrog lub nominal dc voltage ntawm 1.5 kV ntawm conductors thiab ntawm conductors thiab lub ntiaj teb.
Feem ntau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci niaj hnub no siv cov xov hlau Photovoltaic (PV) ib leeg, ntawm 10 thiab 12 gauge AWG. Yuav tsum muaj cov xov hlau los txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci rau lub tshuab tswj hwm them, inverter, thiab roj teeb (hauv lub kaw lus off-grid).
6 hli cable nrog thaj tsam loj dua, lub peev xwm nqa tam sim no tuaj yeem ncav cuag 35-45 amps, uas yog siab dua 4 hli cable. Haum rau cov xwm txheej muaj zog siab, xws li cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob loj thiab cov haujlwm photovoltaic lag luam, thiab tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev sib kis tam sim no siab.
Cov xov hluav taws xob hnub ci yog cov xov hluav taws xob tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev siv hauv cov tshuab fais fab hnub ci (photovoltaic), muaj cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev ruaj khov, tiv taus huab cua zoo li XLPE los tswj cov hluav taws xob DC siab thiab cov xwm txheej sab nraum zoov. Tsis zoo li cov xov hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj, cov xov hluav taws xob PV tiv taus cua sov, hluav taws xob UV, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub tshuab, ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ntseeg siab mus sij hawm ntev hauv kev txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, cov tswj hwm them, cov inverters, thiab cov roj teeb.
Feem ntau txhuas pheej yig dua li tooj liab, ua rau cov nqi khoom siv qis dua hauv kev teeb tsa hnub ci loj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov sib dua ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev tuav thiab teeb tsa, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw ua liaj ua teb hnub ci loj uas muaj cov xov hlau ntev.
Cov xov hluav taws xob hnub ci feem ntau yog tsim los kom kav ntev li 25 txog 30 xyoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo tagnrho. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv lub neej tiag tiag nyob ntawm cov yam xws li cov khoom siv zoo, kev raug rau ib puag ncig, thiab lawv tau teeb tsa thiab saib xyuas zoo npaum li cas.
Cov xov hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv rau lub hnub ci khiav ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci thiab chaw tsim hluav taws xob lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob hnub ci lossis ntawm ob lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, ua rau muaj qhov chaw dav dua ntawm ob yam khoom. Ib yam li lwm cov Xov Hluav Taws Xob Txuas Ntxiv, cov khoom no tso cai rau kev hloov kho ntau dua ntawm koj lub zog hnub ci.
Cable Engineering Fais Fab
Ib txoj hlua MV yog ib txoj hlua Nruab Nrab Voltage siv los xa hluav taws xob ntawm cov voltages feem ntau yog txij li 1 kilovolt (kV) mus rau 35 kV lossis txawm tias txog li 100 kV, nyob ntawm tus qauv. Cov hlua ruaj khov thiab yoog tau no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev faib hluav taws xob hauv cov chaw lag luam, cov chaw hloov hluav taws xob, thiab cov haujlwm hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab, txuas cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab tuav cov khoom loj kom zoo.
Koj yuav tsum siv cov xov hluav taws xob nruab nrab (MV) rau cov kab ke ua haujlwm ntawm 1 kV (1,000 volts) thiab 35 kV (35,000 volts). Cov xov hluav taws xob MV tau tsim tshwj xeeb los tswj cov kev ntxhov siab hluav taws xob siab dua thiab cov kev xav tau faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntawv thov xws li cov tes hauj lwm hluav taws xob, cov chaw hloov pauv, thiab cov chaw lag luam loj.
Cov xov hluav taws xob MV (Medium Voltage) yog siv los xa thiab faib hluav taws xob ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob siab thiab cov tes hauj lwm faib hluav taws xob qis. Lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev muab hluav taws xob rau cov chaw lag luam, cov tsev lag luam loj, thiab cov tes hauj lwm hauv zos uas muaj hluav taws xob siab dua thiab qhov deb ntev dua piv rau cov xov hluav taws xob qis. Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb suav nrog kev muab hluav taws xob rau cov tshuab hnyav hauv cov chaw tsim khoom, tswj hluav taws xob rau kev ua haujlwm tsuas, thiab muab hluav taws xob rau cov nroog thiab cov chaw nyob deb nroog los ntawm cov chaw hloov pauv.
Raws li cov pov thawj uas siv tau, lub neej cia siab ntawm cov xov hluav taws xob nruab nrab feem ntau yog li 25-35 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev xyaum, lawv feem ntau kav ntev dua li no. Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov xov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntsib kev puas tsuaj tsis tau xav txog ua rau kev kho kim thiab hluav taws xob tsis ua haujlwm.
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm MV (Medium-Voltage) thiab HV (High-Voltage) cables yog lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg voltage. MV cables ua haujlwm hauv qhov ntau ntawm 1 kV txog 36 kV, thaum HV cables ua haujlwm hauv qhov ntau ntawm 36 kV txog 550 kV thiab dhau ntawd. Qhov sib txawv voltage no qhia lawv cov ntawv thov thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Cov xov hluav taws xob siab (HV) yog cov xov hluav taws xob uas muaj rwb thaiv tsev zoo, ua haujlwm hnyav uas tsim nyog rau kev xa hluav taws xob siab. Nws yog siv rau hauv cov twj paj nruag, cov tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab kev xa hluav taws xob alternating current (AC) thiab direct current (DC) hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Ib txoj hlua hluav taws xob siab heev (EHV cable) yog ib hom hlua fais fab siv los xa cov hluav taws xob ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob siab dhau qhov deb ntev. Txoj hlua no muaj ib lub xov hlau thiab rwb thaiv tsev, thiab tsim nyog rau kev khiav hauv av lossis hauv qab dej.
Hluav Taws Xob Loj (HV): ntawm 45 kV thiab 230 kV. Hluav Taws Xob Loj Tshaj (EHV): ntawm 230 kV thiab siab dua.
Cov kab hluav taws xob muaj zog siab feem ntau yog Alternating Current (AC), tab sis kuj tuaj yeem yog Direct Current (DC) rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob deb qhov twg High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) ua haujlwm tau zoo dua vim muaj kev poob qis dua, lossis rau kev txuas cov asynchronous grids. Thaum feem ntau cov grids fais fab uas twb muaj lawm yog AC vim muaj kev txhim kho keeb kwm thiab yooj yim ntawm kev hloov pauv voltage nrog transformers, HVDC thev naus laus zis siv rau cov cables hauv qab dej thiab kev hloov pauv fais fab ntau pua mais.
Lub Ntiaj Teb Cable
Kev sib txuas ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog txoj kev siv hluav taws xob uas tsis tshua muaj zog kom cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo ntws los ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv tau tsim, rov qab mus rau hauv lub kaw lus av ntawm lub installation, thiab mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb.
Tsis zoo li kev siv av, uas tsom mus rau kev coj cov hluav taws xob mus rau hauv av, kev sib txuas yog kev txuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kom ntseeg tau tias lawv muaj tib lub zog hluav taws xob.
Ib txoj hlua khi ua rau muaj kev sib txuas hluav taws xob qis ntawm cov khoom hlau uas tsis nqa hluav taws xob, xws li cov kav dej, cov khoom siv hauv pas dej, kom ntseeg tau tias lawv txhua tus muaj tib lub zog hluav taws xob. Qhov no tiv thaiv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob txaus ntshai ntawm cov khoom, uas tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws xob poob siab, los ntawm kev muab txoj hauv kev nyab xeeb rau cov hluav taws xob txhaum kom ntws tawm lossis ua kom lub tshuab hluav taws xob qhib.
Roj teeb Cable
Ib txoj hlua roj teeb yog ib txoj hlua tsheb uas muaj ib txoj hlua hlau uas ua los ntawm tooj liab hnyav. Feem ntau nws raug rwb thaiv tsev nrog PVC lossis XLPE thiab siv los txuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsheb nrog lub roj teeb ntawm lub tsheb kom ruaj ntseg.
Qhov loj ntawm cov xov hlau roj teeb tsheb kom raug nyob ntawm qhov amperage thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov xov hlau khiav, tab sis qhov loj me feem ntau yog txij li 6 AWG rau cov txheej txheem Tshuag mus rau 2 AWG lossis 1/0 AWG rau cov ntawv thov hnyav dua. Rau kev hloov Tshuag, 4 AWG feem ntau raug pom zoo vim nws feem ntau muaj zog dua li cov xov hlau Hoobkas qub.
Tsis yog. Liab yog qhov zoo thiab dub yog qhov tsis zoo
Kev hloov ib txoj hlua roj teeb tuaj yeem siv sijhawm txij li 30 feeb mus txog ib teev, tab sis tag nrho txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem ntev txog ob peb teev lossis ntau dua, nyob ntawm lub tsheb tshwj xeeb, qhov chaw ntawm txoj hlua, thiab koj qib kev paub. Txoj hlua zoo feem ntau siv sijhawm ntev dua vim nws txuas rau ntau yam khoom xws li lub starter thiab alternator.
Anderson
Anderson rau Anderson cable txuas lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci rau lub hnub ci regulator lossis txuas lub hnub ci regulator rau lub roj teeb ntawm Anderson plug connector.
Lub qhov ntsaws Anderson yog lub qhov txuas hnyav, siab-tam sim no siv los txuas cov chaw fais fab nrog cov khoom siv hauv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev faib hluav taws xob hauv tsheb thiab RV, kev sib txuas hluav taws xob hnub ci, thiab cov tshuab kev lag luam. Lawv nrov vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tswj tau cov khoom hnyav, tiv taus qhov chaw ib puag ncig hnyav, thiab muab kev daws teeb meem txhim khu kev qha, txuas / txiav sai uas feem ntau muaj zog dua li cov qhov hluav taws xob sib tsoo ib txwm muaj.
Koj siv tau lub qhov ntsaws Anderson los them lub roj teeb caravan. Cov qhov ntsaws Anderson muaj ntau qhov loj me, qib amp thiab xim.
Los ntawm kev siv cov ntsaws Anderson liab los tiv thaiv koj lub cev kom tsis txhob raug txuas tsis raug. Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias koj siv lub vaj huam sib luag nrog lub regulator twb tau teeb tsa lawm, ces koj yuav muaj lub ntsaws Anderson grey (tom qab lub regulator) vim nws muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev txuas ncaj qha rau lub roj teeb.
Txawm hais tias lwm txoj hauv kev zoo li XT60 thiab Anderson connectors muaj lawv qhov chaw hauv cov niches tshwj xeeb, MC4 connectors muab kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev ruaj khov, thiab kev pheej yig.
Cov khoom sib txuas MC4 tau tsim kho kom zoo rau kev sib txuas mus sij hawm ntev, tiv taus huab cua hauv cov hnub ci ruaj khov. Qhov sib txawv, Anderson cov khoom sib txuas zoo dua rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob txawb lossis ib ntus, xws li cov tshuab hluav taws xob nqa tau, cov roj teeb, lossis cov khoom siv xa mus rau thaj chaw.
MC4
MC4 yog ib hom khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, hu ua "Multi-Contact" nrog lub qhov loj 4 hli. Nws yog siv dav los txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci rau ib leeg lossis rau lwm yam khoom xws li inverters thiab charge controllers, muab kev sib txuas zoo, txhim khu kev qha, thiab tiv taus huab cua. Cov khoom siv no tau tsim los kom ruaj khov thiab muaj lub tshuab xauv kom tiv thaiv kev txiav tsis raug, ua kom ntseeg tau tias lub kaw lus muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Feem ntau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci siv cov khoom sib txuas MC4 tam sim no. Cov khoom sib txuas no muaj zog, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab yooj yim siv. Ib qho yog txiv neej (nrog tus pin), thiab lwm qhov yog poj niam (nrog lub qhov (socket). Lawv sib txuas ua ke nrog ib qho nias thiab nyob ruaj khov, txawm tias nyob sab nraum zoov hauv nag.
Qhov loj ntawm lub MC4 connector uas koj xav tau nyob ntawm seb koj lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci tso zis li cas. Feem ntau, 4mm² connectors yog tsim rau cov tshuab uas tsim tsawg dua 20A, thaum 6mm² connectors raug pom zoo rau cov tshuab uas tsim 20A lossis ntau dua. Ib txwm phim qhov loj ntawm lub connector rau koj lub cable gauge thiab qhov system xav tau.
Feem ntau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci siv cov khoom sib txuas MC4, uas yog tus qauv kev lag luam rau lawv qhov kev ntseeg tau, tiv taus huab cua, thiab yooj yim siv. Cov khoom sib txuas no yog tsim los tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas ruaj ntseg, tsis muaj dej, thiab tsis muaj plua plav ntawm cov khoom siv hnub ci. Lwm hom, xws li T4, Tyco, thiab Radox connectors, kuj muaj tab sis tsis tshua muaj.
Ib qho "Amphenol connector" yog ib hom electronic connector uas tsim los ntawm Amphenol Corp., ib lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb uas tsim cov khoom sib txuas, antenna, thiab sensor. Lo lus no txhais tau hais tias lub tuam txhab muaj ntau yam khoom sib txuas xws li cylindrical, rectangular, circular, thiab fiber optic, thiab ntau yam uas tsim los rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam xws li aerospace, automotive, thiab industrial equipment.
Ib yam li tus txiv neej MC4 connector, yuav tsum muaj ib lub cuab yeej crimping tshwj xeeb los crimp tus poj niam MC4 contact kom ruaj khov. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws haum zoo thiab muaj kev sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, khoov cov xov tooj liab me ntsis ua ntej crimping yuav ua rau thaj chaw sib cuag sab hauv lub hlau terminal ntau dua, ua kom kev sib txuas ruaj khov.
Lub Y-hom DC terminal yog ib qho connector tshwj xeeb rau cov nroj tsuag photovoltaic. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau kev txuas lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci sab nraum zoov rau lub inverter/combiner box. Nws lub luag haujlwm yog txuas 2 txoj hlua PV ua ke rau 1 lub voj voog.
Cov khoom sib txuas MC4 yog siv rau kev sib txuas sib luag ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, txuas ntau lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci ua ke thiab tsim los rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua sab nraum zoov. Muag ua khub, cov "Y-connectors" no tswj qhov hluav taws xob ntawm koj lub vaj huam sib luag kom phim koj lub roj teeb loj.
MC4 Y Ceg Txuas 4 Txoj Kev Mus Rau 1 Txoj Kev Combiner Cable Set yog siv rau kev txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci hauv series lossis parallel thiab zoo tagnrho rau kev txuas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci ua ke. Nws tso cai rau koj txuas 4 lub qhov txuas nkag / tso zis ywj pheej rau hauv ib qho MC4 txuas ntawm sab nraud ntawm koj lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci.
XT60
Ib qho XT60 connector yog ib qho polarized electrical connector siv rau cov ntawv thov high-power, xws li hauv drones, RC tsheb, thiab cov roj teeb. Nws tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov tam sim no tas mus li ntawm 30A thiab lub sijhawm tam sim no ntawm 60A, muaj lub tsev nylon ruaj khov thiab cov tooj dag kub-plated rau kev ua tau zoo. Tus qauv polarized tiv thaiv kev sib txuas polarity tsis sib xws.
Cov khoom sib txuas MC4 yog cov khoom siv txheem, tiv taus huab cua, muaj zog hluav taws xob ntau, thiab muaj zog tam sim no rau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci sab nraum zoov, thaum cov khoom sib txuas XT60 yog cov khoom sib txuas dav dav rau cov ntawv thov hluav taws xob sab hauv tsev, qis mus rau nruab nrab xws li drones, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, thiab qee qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog MC4 txoj kev tiv taus huab cua thiab lub peev xwm muaj zog ntau piv rau XT60 txoj kev hloov pauv thiab yooj yim dua, tsim qauv sai dua rau cov haujlwm tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua.
Diode Connector
1. Txuas lub diode ua ke nrog lub davhlau ya nyob twg zoo ntawm PV hlua (MC4 txiv neej connector txuas rau lub davhlau ya nyob twg zoo ntawm lub module, thiab poj niam connector txuas rau lub inverter input).
2. Xyuas kom tseeb tias lub connector tau ntsaws ruaj ruaj. Tom qab nias ib zaug, maj mam rub kom paub tseeb tias nws ruaj khov.
3. Tsis txhob khoov lossis ncab lub xov hlau; xyuas kom nws dai tau yooj yim kom cua sov tawm.
Hauv ntej, lub diode tiv thaiv rov qab yog ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv hauv lub voj voog. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev los tiv thaiv cov hluav taws xob rov qab los ntawm kev ua puas tsuaj rau lwm cov khoom. Cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum xav txog kev siv cov diodes tiv thaiv rov qab hauv kev tsim lub voj voog kom tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ib txwm ntawm lub voj voog.
MC4 Fuse
Yog, lub fuse hauv lub MC4 connector nrog lub fuse ua ke yog tsim los kom yooj yim nkag mus thiab hloov tau, ua rau kev saib xyuas yooj yim thiab yooj yim. Txhawm rau xaiv lub fuse zoo rau koj lub MC4 connector, xav txog cov yam xws li qhov ntsuas tam sim no, qhov ntsuas voltage, thiab hom fuse.
Cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci uas txuas ua ke feem ntau tsis muaj lub fuse, thaum cov xov hlau uas txuas ua ke muaj lub fuse. Thaum txuas ua ke, cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci yuav ntau dua li cov amps. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm overcurrent, yog vim li cas cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci uas txuas ua ke feem ntau muaj lub fuse.
Feem ntau, cov fuses ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntawm cov xov hlau zoo (liab) kom tiv thaiv lub voj voog ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau thiab luv luv. Txawm hais tias kev sib txuas sab tsis zoo yog ua tau los ntawm hluav taws xob, kev sib txuas cov xov hlau zoo yog kev coj ua ib txwm thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kab ke uas muaj ntau lub vaj huam sib luag, vim tias luv luv mus rau hauv av yuav hla lub fuse ntawm cov xov hlau tsis zoo.
DC Fuse
Tom qab txhim kho lub DC fuse, thaum qhov tam sim no tshaj qhov tam sim no uas DC fuse tuaj yeem tiv taus, DC fuse yuav yaj thiab tawg nws tus kheej vim yog cua sov tsim los ntawm qhov tam sim no ntau dhau, uas yuav tua qhov txaus ntshai hauv lub paj thiab tiv thaiv tag nrho cov kab kom tsis txhob puas tsuaj.
Cov fuse DC ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob los ntawm kev muab kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tiv thaiv overcurrent thiab luv luv circuits. Lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam lub circuit thiab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv rhiab heev, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws, thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm DC (Direct Current) fuse yog los muab kev tiv thaiv overcurrent hauv DC hluav taws xob circuit. DC fuses yog tsim los qhib lossis rhuav lub circuit thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntau dhau, pab tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj rau lub circuit, cov khoom siv txuas nrog, thiab hluav taws xob.
Txoj cai thawj zaug ntawm kev ntsuas qhov loj ntawm lub fuse yog xyuas kom lub fuse yuav tawg ua ntej lub xov hlau kub dhau. Feem ntau koj saib qhov ampacity ntawm lub xov hlau hauv lub rooj ampacity thiab tom qab ntawd xyuas kom lub fuse me dua li lub xov hlau ampacity. Hauv qhov no qhov ampacity yog qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig 20 amps (nyob ntawm lub rooj koj siv)
Yog, nws raug pom zoo kom nruab ib lub fuse lossis circuit breaker ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci thiab lub tshuab tswj lub zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog ntau lub vaj huam sib luag lossis cov hlua sib luag, los tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob kub dhau, hluav taws, thiab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov hluav taws xob luv luv. Lub fuse ntxiv ib txheej kev nyab xeeb los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov hluav taws xob yog tias muaj qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim, kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom thiab cov xov hlau ntawm lub cev tsis raug thauj khoom ntau dhau.
MCB
Ib lub MCB, lossis Miniature Circuit Breaker, yog ib lub qhov hluav taws xob uas tsim los tiv thaiv lub voj voog ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm overcurrents xws li luv luv circuits thiab overloads. Nws ua haujlwm tib yam li lub fuse tab sis tuaj yeem rov pib dua thiab siv dua es tsis tas yuav hloov tom qab nws tawg, ua rau nws muaj kev nyab xeeb dua thiab yooj yim dua rau cov tsev thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm.
Cov DC breakers yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua daim ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ncaj qha. Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb hluav taws xob, cov ntawv thov kev thauj mus los, thiab cov tshuab photovoltaic hnub ci.
Cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob DC muaj lub sijhawm teb sai dua, tua hluav taws xob zoo dua, txo qhov hluav taws xob poob qis, thiab xaiv tau zoo dua. Cov txiaj ntsig no ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau kev tiv thaiv cov tshuab photovoltaic hnub ci, khaws cia roj teeb, thiab lwm yam kev siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab.
Cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev hloov lub fuse nrog lub circuit breaker hauv lub vaj huam sib luag tswj hwm yog qhov yooj yim thiab tus nqi khiav lag luam. Thaum lub breaker ua haujlwm, qhov "kho" yooj yim li tig lub qhov hloov. Tab sis thaum lub fuse tawg, tag nrho lub fuse yuav tsum tau hloov.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob DC yog ib lub cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob uas cuam tshuam kev ntws ntawm cov hluav taws xob ncaj qha (DC) hauv lub voj voog thaum cov hluav taws xob ntau tshaj qhov kev nyab xeeb, tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm cov hluav taws xob overcurrents, luv circuits, thiab cov hluav taws kub. Cov tshuab hluav taws xob DC yog qhov xav tau rau cov hluav taws xob ib txoj kev, zoo li hauv cov tshuab hnub ci, thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb los tua cov hluav taws xob DC arc, thaum cov tshuab hluav taws xob AC siv qhov kev hla xoom ntawm cov hluav taws xob los pab tua cov arcs hauv cov tshuab AC, ua rau lawv yooj yim dua. Kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob AC hauv lub tshuab DC tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij, vim tias nws yuav tsis cuam tshuam cov hluav taws xob thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub voj voog puas tsuaj.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob hloov pauv (AC) yog ib lub cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob uas siv los kaw lossis qhib lub voj voog. Cov tshuab hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm nqa thiab rhuav cov hluav taws xob hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob AC tsis zoo yuav pom tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, kub thaum kov, lossis muaj ntxhiab kub hnyiab. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsis rov pib dua lossis ua suab nrov txawv txawv xws li lub suab nrov lossis lub suab nyem. Tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem siv tau lub multimeter los ntsuas qhov hluav taws xob, vim tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob zoo yuav qhia qhov hluav taws xob xav tau thaum qhib, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob phem yuav qhia xoom lossis nyeem tsis sib xws.
Yog lawm, lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas raug tripped tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hluav taws yog tias qhov teeb meem tsis raug daws. Txawm hais tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob nws tus kheej yog ib qho kev nyab xeeb uas tsim los tiv thaiv kev kub dhau, kev rov pib dua nws yam tsis paub tias vim li cas nws tripping yog qhov yuam kev txaus ntshai.
Lub thawv sib txuas hnub ci
Cov thawv sib txuas ntawm lub hnub ci yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub zog hnub ci, muab kev sib txuas tsim nyog rau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm koj lub cev. Lawv kuj muab cov kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv koj lub tsev lossis kev lag luam ntawm kev phom sij xws li hluav taws xob poob.
Cov DC breakers yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua daim ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ncaj qha. Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb hluav taws xob, cov ntawv thov kev thauj mus los, thiab cov tshuab photovoltaic hnub ci.
Yog lawm, koj yuav luag xav tau lub thawv sib txuas thaum twg koj ua qhov txuas hluav taws xob lossis xav tau qhov chaw txuas hluav taws xob, vim tias cov cai hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau kom txhua qhov kev sib txuas hluav taws xob nyob hauv lub thawv tiv thaiv, nkag tau yooj yim kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tiv thaiv kev phom sij. Cov thawv sib txuas tiv thaiv cov hluav taws xob los ntawm kev puas tsuaj sab nraud, muaj cov hluav taws xob, muab qhov chaw ruaj ntseg rau cov khoom siv, thiab ua rau kev saib xyuas yav tom ntej yooj yim dua.
Lub Thawv Sib Txuas: Muab lub zog los ntawm ntau qhov chaw sib txawv thiab suav nrog cov yam ntxwv kev nyab xeeb.
Lub Thawv Sib Txuas: Tiv thaiv cov xov hlau sib txuas, tsis yog sib txuas cov hwj chim nkag.
Lub thawv sib txuas hnub ci
Cov thawv sib txuas ntawm lub hnub ci yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub zog hnub ci, muab kev sib txuas tsim nyog rau cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm koj lub cev. Lawv kuj muab cov kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv koj lub tsev lossis kev lag luam ntawm kev phom sij xws li hluav taws xob poob.
Cov DC breakers yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua daim ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ncaj qha. Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov roj teeb hluav taws xob, cov ntawv thov kev thauj mus los, thiab cov tshuab photovoltaic hnub ci.
Yog lawm, koj yuav luag xav tau lub thawv sib txuas thaum twg koj ua qhov txuas hluav taws xob lossis xav tau qhov chaw txuas hluav taws xob, vim tias cov cai hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau kom txhua qhov kev sib txuas hluav taws xob nyob hauv lub thawv tiv thaiv, nkag tau yooj yim kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tiv thaiv kev phom sij. Cov thawv sib txuas tiv thaiv cov hluav taws xob los ntawm kev puas tsuaj sab nraud, muaj cov hluav taws xob, muab qhov chaw ruaj ntseg rau cov khoom siv, thiab ua rau kev saib xyuas yav tom ntej yooj yim dua.
Lub Thawv Sib Txuas: Muab lub zog los ntawm ntau qhov chaw sib txawv thiab suav nrog cov yam ntxwv kev nyab xeeb.
Lub Thawv Sib Txuas: Tiv thaiv cov xov hlau sib txuas, tsis yog sib txuas cov hwj chim nkag.
Lub thawv sib xyaw hnub ci
Lub thawv sib txuas hnub ci muab cov hluav taws xob tso tawm los ntawm ntau txoj hlua hluav taws xob ntawm lub hnub ci ua ke rau hauv ib lub voj voog, ua haujlwm ua qhov chaw sib txuas ua ntej lub zog mus txog lub inverter. Nws tiv thaiv lub kaw lus los ntawm kev muaj cov khoom siv tiv thaiv overcurrent xws li fuses lossis circuit breakers rau txhua txoj hlua, nrog rau cov khoom siv tiv thaiv surge, los tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum hluav taws xob thiab lub zog surges.
Feem ntau koj tsis tas yuav muaj lub thawv combiner yog tias koj tsuas muaj ob peb txoj hlua ntawm lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag (ib txog peb), tab sis koj xav tau ib qho rau cov kab ke uas muaj ntau dua peb txoj hlua, lossis rau cov haujlwm lag luam loj dua thiab cov haujlwm siv hluav taws xob. Cov thawv Combiner yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj thiab sib sau ua ke ntau txoj hlua ntawm ntau txoj hlua vaj huam sib luag kom muaj kev nyab xeeb, muab cov yam ntxwv xws li fusing, kev tiv thaiv surge, thiab disconnects uas txhim kho kev nyab xeeb, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev saib xyuas.
Qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab tam sim no ntawm koj lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav qhia tias lub thawv combiner twg tsim nyog. Yog tias koj ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob siab (piv txwv li, 1000V), xaiv lub thawv combiner uas tsim los tswj cov theem ntawd. Ib yam li ntawd, xyuas kom meej tias lub thawv tuaj yeem tswj tau cov hluav taws xob xav tau rau koj lub tshuab.
Isolator Hloov
Cov khoom siv txiav hluav taws xob, uas tseem hu ua 'isolators', raws li lub npe qhia, yog cov khoom siv uas siv los txiav (thiab tig rov qab) cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Ua ntej, nws pab tiv thaiv koj lub cuab yeej ntawm qhov hloov pauv hluav taws xob. Qhov thib ob, nws tso cai rau koj yooj yim cais lub cuab yeej ntawm hluav taws xob, uas yog qhov pab tau thaum koj xav tau kev kho lossis hloov pauv. Qhov thib peb, nws tuaj yeem pab txhim kho kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev raug hluav taws xob tsis xav tau.
Qhov sib txawv, cov circuit breakers lossis cov motorized switches yuav tsum tau hloov tom qab ob peb xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov Isolating switches feem ntau tuaj yeem kav ntev txog 25-30 xyoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov xa hluav taws xob uas lawv tsuas yog siv tau ob peb zaug hauv ib xyoos.
Lub qhov hluav taws xob DC isolator tso cai rau lub zog rau lub voj voog hluav taws xob kom qhib lossis kaw los ntawm kev tsim lossis rhuav tshem kev sib txuas hluav taws xob. Nws lub hom phiaj yog kom muaj kev nyab xeeb cais koj lub cev ntawm nws qhov chaw muab hluav taws xob, xws li roj teeb lossis cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, thaum tseem ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb txiav lub voj voog tes.
Ib lub isolator yog ib lub mechanical switch uas siv los txiav ib feem ntawm lub circuit hluav taws xob ntawm lwm qhov ntawm lub system. Lub circuit breaker yog ib lub automatic switch uas tsim los tiv thaiv lub electrical system ntawm overloads, short circuits, thiab ground faults.
Tsis zoo li AC Isolators, uas txiav lub kaw lus ntawm lub grid, DC Isolators cuam tshuam cov dej ntws ntawm DC tam sim no los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci mus rau lub inverter.
Cov khoom siv cais cua txias yog tsim thiab siv los tiv thaiv cov qhov hloov kev nyab xeeb hauv tsev kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm ntau zaus yog tias lub tshuab cua txias puas lawm. Lub tshuab cais cua txias yuav txiav lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub tshuab thaum muaj teeb meem hluav taws xob lossis ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
SPD
Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Surge (SPD) yog siv los tiv thaiv kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob, uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov xov hlau thiab cov khoom siv, los ntawm kev nce hluav taws xob hu ua transient overvoltages.
DC SPD, lub npe tag nrho Direct Current Surge Protection Device, yog ib lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv uas tsim tshwj xeeb rau DC lub zog hluav taws xob los tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob (surges) uas tshwm sim los ntawm xob laim, kev ua haujlwm hloov pauv, lossis lwm yam kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob.
Ib lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob DC yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv koj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm kev nce siab ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem ua rau puas tsuaj lossis poob cov ntaub ntawv. Xyuas kom tseeb tias koj xaiv lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob uas tsim nyog rau lub cuab yeej uas koj tab tom sim tiv thaiv thiab muaj qhov ntsuas joule siab txaus los muab kev tiv thaiv txaus.
Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob AC yog siv los tiv thaiv cov kab ke AC, qhov twg qhov hluav taws xob thiab cov hluav taws xob hloov pauv sinusoidally, feem ntau ntawm 50Hz lossis 60Hz. Thaum lub zog thiab cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob DC yog qhov ruaj khov, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv zaus.
Ib lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau rau lub tshuab AC yog ib lub cuab yeej uas tiv thaiv lub tshuab cua txias ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob ntau dhau los ntawm kev hloov cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau ntawm lub tshuab. Nws yog ib qho khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dua li lub cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob hauv tsev, tsim los tswj cov hluav taws xob siab thiab kev xav tau hluav taws xob ntawm cov tshuab HVAC thiab tau teeb tsa ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag hluav taws xob lossis ze ntawm lub tshuab sab nraum zoov los tiv thaiv cov khoom kim heev ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov xwm txheej xws li xob laim lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm lub network.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem hais ntau dhau thaum nws los txog rau HVAC systems. Cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ua haujlwm los ntawm kev xa cov hluav taws xob ntau dhau ntawm koj lub system, ua haujlwm zoo li tus neeg saib xyuas hluav taws xob.
SPD
Cov khoom sib txuas IP68 muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev rau dej thiab hmoov av. Lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov chaw nyuaj. Cov khoom sib txuas no tuaj yeem tiv taus kev tsau dej mus ntev. Lawv ua kom cov kev sib txuas hluav taws xob ruaj ntseg thiab zoo.
Nrog rau qib IP68, lawv tiv taus dej hauv dej tshiab mus txog qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm 1.5 meters rau txog li 30 feeb, thiab raug tiv thaiv los ntawm hmoov av - tag nrho tsis tas yuav muaj cov thawv lossis npog ntxiv.
Txawm hais tias IP67 muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv plua plav thiab dej ib ntus, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob dav dav, IP68 txuas ntxiv qhov kev tiv thaiv no mus rau kev dej ntev, haum rau cov khoom siv siv hauv qhov chaw ntub dej thiab xav tau ntau dua.
Qhov nruab nrab, cov khoom siv txuas hauv qab dej zoo tuaj yeem siv tau ntev li ntawm 10 txog 25 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv txuas uas raug rau cov xwm txheej tsis hnyav thiab tau txais kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua yuav tshaj qhov ntau no, thaum cov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig hnyav dua yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo.
Lub Tshuab Them Hluav Taws Xob EV
Ib txoj hlua them fais hom 2 tuaj yeem txhawb nqa qhov ceev ntawm kev them fais txog li 43 kW, uas txaus los them feem ntau lub tsheb fais fab hauv ob peb teev. Qee lub tshuab them fais fab siab thiab EVs muaj peev xwm them ceev dua, tab sis cov no feem ntau xav tau txoj hlua siab dua.
Yuav luag txhua lub tsheb EV thiab PHEV muaj peev xwm them tau ntawm Hom 2 unit, tsawg kawg yog nrog rau txoj hlua kom raug. Nws yog qhov chaw them hluav taws xob pej xeem feem ntau, thiab feem ntau cov tswv tsheb plug-in yuav muaj txoj hlua nrog lub qhov txuas Hom 2 charger-sab.
Cov chaw them hluav taws xob theem 1 siv lub qhov hluav taws xob 120-volt rau kev them qeeb, hmo ntuj, ntxiv li 2-5 mais ntawm qhov deb ib teev, thaum cov chaw them hluav taws xob theem 2 siv lub voj voog 240-volt los muab kev them sai dua, ntxiv 10-60 mais ntawm qhov deb ib teev, ua rau nws zoo dua rau cov neeg caij tsheb txhua hnub thiab xav tau kev teeb tsa los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog qhov hluav taws xob (120V vs. 240V), qhov ceev ntawm kev them (qeeb vs. ceev), qhov yuav tsum tau teeb tsa (lub qhov hluav taws xob txheem vs. lub voj voog tshwj xeeb), thiab tus nqi ( suav nrog vs. ntxiv ).
Ib txoj hlua them fais hom 2 yog tus qauv rau txhua tus qauv tshiab, tab sis qee lub hom lag luam Es Xias qub muaj hom 1. Xaiv ib txoj hlua uas muaj qhov ntsuas amp thiab kW uas sib xws lossis siab dua qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub charger hauv koj lub tsheb.
Lub tshuab them fais fab EV hom 1, tseem hu ua J1772 connector, yog lub tshuab them fais fab ib theem uas feem ntau siv hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab cov lag luam Es Xias tab sis pom ntau ntxiv hauv UK thiab. Nws ua haujlwm ntawm 120-240 volts, feem ntau muab hluav taws xob txog li 7.4 kW.
CCS Hom 1 thiab CCS Hom 2 yog ob hom kev sib txuas hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Combined Charging System, sib txawv feem ntau hauv lawv lub peev xwm them AC thiab tsim cov khoom sib txuas. CCS Hom 1 siv lub cuab yeej me dua, 5-pin J1772 feem ntau rau kev them AC ib theem hauv North America thiab South Kauslim, thaum CCS Hom 2 siv lub cuab yeej loj dua, 7-pin Hom 2 hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia uas txhawb nqa ob qho tib si ib theem thiab peb theem AC them ntawm cov qib fais fab siab dua. Rau DC them ceev, ob qho tib si zoo sib xws hauv kev ua tau zoo, tab sis CCS Hom 2 tuaj yeem tswj cov hluav taws xob siab dua.
Cov pawg them fais fab, tseem hu ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau tsheb (EVSE), yog cov khoom siv uas tsim los rau kev them fais fab rau tsheb. Lawv tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau ntau qhov chaw xws li thaj chaw nyob, cov tsev lag luam, thiab cov chaw pej xeem xws li chaw nres tsheb lossis ntawm ntug kev.
Cov pawg them fais rau cov tsheb siv zog tshiab muaj ob hom raws li lawv cov zis: cov pawg them fais ncaj qha (DC) thiab cov pawg them fais hloov pauv (AC). Cov pawg them fais DC tuaj yeem them lub roj teeb fais ncaj qha, muab lub zog tso zis siab dua, tsim nyog rau kev them fais sai.
Cov txiaj ntsig nyiaj txiag ntawm kev teeb tsa lub EV charger tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau koj lub tsev muaj nqis lossis nyiam xwb. Yog tias koj muaj lub EV charger koj tuaj yeem txuag tau nyiaj los ntawm kev them hluav taws xob thaum hmo ntuj, muag lub zog tsis siv rov qab rau lub network, thiab txawm tias xauj koj lub charger thaum tsis siv.
Tesla Charger Adapter
Tsis yog, CCS thiab J1772 tsis zoo ib yam; CCS yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm tus qauv J1772 uas ntxiv DC lub peev xwm them ceev rau lub cuab yeej them AC qub. Lub cuab yeej txuas J1772 siv rau kev them AC qeeb dua, thaum lub cuab yeej txuas CCS loj dua thiab muaj ob lub pins ntxiv rau kev them ceev DC, uas ua rau kev them ceev ceev txog li 350 kW.
J1772 yog tus qauv txuas rau feem ntau ntawm North American fais fab tsheb (EV) chaw them thiab siv rau Qib 1 thiab Qib 2 AC them. Nws yog ib lub voj voog, tsib-pin txuas uas ua rau feem ntau ntawm EVs them tau, tshwj tsis yog Teslas, uas xav tau lub adapter siv J1772 chaw nres tsheb. Lub txuas yog tsim los nrog cov yam ntxwv kev nyab xeeb xws li lub tshuab xauv thiab sib txuas lus nrog lub tsheb los tswj kev xa hluav taws xob.
Tsis tau, koj siv tsis tau lub J1772 adapter ntawm lub CCS charger los them lub tsheb J1772, thiab koj siv tsis tau lub CCS adapter ntawm lub J1772 charger los them lub tsheb CCS. Lub tsheb J1772-xwb tsis sib haum nrog tus qauv them CCS, vim tias CCS protocol muaj cov pins ntxiv rau DC fast charging uas lub J1772 plug tsis muaj.
Yuav xyuas seb koj lub Tesla puas sib xws nrog CCS, mus rau ntawm qhov kov thiab xaiv Kev Tswj > Software > Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv Txog Lub Tsheb. Nrhiav qhov kev xaiv "CCS adapter support", uas yuav hais tias "enabled" yog tias koj lub tsheb sib xws. Yog tias nws hais tias "tsis tau teeb tsa," koj yuav tsum teem sijhawm rau kev pabcuam kho dua tshiab kom qhib tau CCS them.
Txuas lub adapter nrog koj lub EV hom chaw nres nkoj thiab cov txheej txheem them hluav taws xob uas txhawb nqa. Tesla tsheb xav tau NACS-compatible adapters, thaum feem ntau cov EVs uas tsis yog Tesla siv SAE J1772 lossis CCS1. Ib txwm xyuas kom meej tias ob qho tib si charger thiab lub tsheb sib xws ua ntej yuav khoom.
Yog li, yog tias koj lub tsheb sib xws nrog CCS, ces koj feem ntau siv tau lub CCS Tesla charger. Qhov no txhais tau tias koj siv tau lub Tesla charger rau lwm lub tsheb. Tesla kuj siv cov khoom sib txuas hom 2 rau nws cov qauv, tsis yog Supercharger teeb tsa. Txhua lub tsheb sib xws nrog lub khoom sib txuas hom 2 kuj siv tau cov chaw them no.
Kev Khaws Cia Zog
Kev Tswj Xyuas Hluav Taws Xob Siab thiab Tam Sim No
Kev Teeb Tsa Ceev thiab Tsis Muaj Cuab Yeej
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb Tag Nrho
Kev Sib Txuas Yooj Yim thiab Sib Xws
Tsim Khoom Siv Tau Ntev Thiab Tiv Thaiv Ib Puag Ncig
Raws li thawj qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov xov hlau khaws cia lub zog hauv ntiaj teb, tus qauv 2PFG 2693/03.23 piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem sim thiab cov kev cai ua haujlwm rau cov xov hlau khaws cia lub zog. Tus qauv no hais txog peb qhov xwm txheej sib txawv ntawm kev siv lub zog khaws cia lub zog: sab hauv tsev, sab nraum zoov tas mus li, thiab sab nraum zoov ib ntus, txhais meej txog cov qauv siv rau cov xov hlau thiab cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam.
