Photovoltaic (tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana)

Photovoltaic:

Ita ce takaitaccen tsarin wutar lantarki da hasken rana.Wani sabon nau'in tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ne wanda ke amfani da tasirin photovoltaic na kayan semiconductor na hasken rana don canza makamashin hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa makamashin lantarki.Yana da aiki mai zaman kansa kuma Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu don aiki akan grid.
A lokaci guda, rarrabuwa na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana, ɗayan yana tsakiya, kamar manyan tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na sararin samaniya na arewa maso yamma;ana rarraba ɗaya (> 6MW a matsayin iyaka), irin su masana'antu da kasuwancin kasuwanci na rufin rufin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na mazaunin gida.
Sunan Sinanci: photovoltaic Sunan waje: photovoltaic
Cikakken suna: Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana inganci: Sabon tsarin samar da wutar lantarki

tsarin gabatarwa

Tasirin hasken rana, wanda ake kira photovoltaic (PV) a takaice, ana kuma san shi da tasirin hoto (Photovoltaic), wanda ke nufin abin da ya faru na yuwuwar bambance-bambance tsakanin sassan semiconductor mara daidaituwa ko haɗin semiconductor da ƙarfe. lokacin da aka haskaka.
Photovoltaic an ayyana shi azaman juyawa kai tsaye na makamashin hasken rana.A aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, yawanci yana nufin juyawar hasken rana zuwa makamashin lantarki, wato, hasken rana photovoltaic.Ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana da aka yi da siliki da sauran kayan aikin semiconductor, ta yin amfani da haske don samar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, kamar ƙwayoyin rana a ko'ina cikin rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.

Fasaha na Photovoltaic yana da fa'idodi da yawa:

misali, ba shi da wasu sassa masu motsi na inji;ba ya buƙatar wani "man fetur" sai dai hasken rana, kuma yana iya aiki a ƙarƙashin hasken rana kai tsaye da kuma raƙuman ruwa;kuma yana da matukar dacewa da sassauƙa daga zaɓin wurin, Za a iya amfani da Roofs da wuraren buɗe ido a cikin birni.Tun daga 1958, an yi amfani da tasirin hasken rana na photovoltaic a karon farko a fagen samar da makamashin tauraron dan adam a cikin nau'in kwayoyin hasken rana.A yau, tun daga samar da wutar lantarki na na'urar ajiye motoci ta atomatik zuwa saman rufin hasken rana, zuwa babbar cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki, aikace-aikacensa a fagen samar da wutar lantarki ya yadu a duniya.
Makamashin hasken rana wani nau'i ne na makamashi mai saurin girma, kuma kasuwar makamashin hasken rana ta samu ci gaba a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, bisa matsakaicin matsakaicin karfin shigar da tsarin hasken rana na shekara-shekara, kasuwar hasken rana ta duniya tana da adadin karuwar shekara-shekara na 47.4%, daga 598MW a shekarar 2003 zuwa 2826MW a shekarar 2007. An yi hasashen cewa nan da shekarar 2012, ana shigar da matsakaitan shekara-shekara. karfin tsarin hasken rana na iya kara karuwa zuwa 9917MW, kuma tallace-tallacen dukkanin masana'antar hasken rana na iya karuwa daga dalar Amurka biliyan 17.2 a shekarar 2007 zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 39.5 a shekarar 2012. Wannan ci gaban ci gaban ya fi yawa saboda karuwar bukatar kasuwannin duniya cikin sauri, yana karuwa. harajin ciyar da abinci da tallafi daban-daban na gwamnati.
A wasu manyan kasashen duniya, musamman Jamus, Italiya, Spain, Amurka, Faransa, da Koriya ta Kudu, gwamnatin tarayya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da hukumomin kananan hukumomi sun mika wa masu amfani da hasken rana ta hanyar haraji. ramawa, ƙididdigar haraji da sauran abubuwan ƙarfafawa, Masu rarrabawa, masu haɗin tsarin tsarin da masana'antun suna ba da tallafi da ƙarfafa tattalin arziki don inganta amfani da hasken rana a aikace-aikacen da aka haɗa da grid da kuma rage dogaro ga sauran hanyoyin makamashi.Koyaya, kamfanonin wutar lantarki na al'ada na gargajiya waɗanda ke da manyan damar yin amfani da siyasa na iya ƙoƙarin canza dokokin da suka dace a kasuwannin su, wanda kuma yana iya yin tasiri sosai kan haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci na makamashin hasken rana.
Amma a gaba ɗaya, saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki a yawancin yankunan da ake hako mai da iskar gas a duniya, gwamnatoci da yawa suna ɗaukar matakai don rage dogaro da makamashin waje.Hasken rana yana ba da mafita mai ban sha'awa na samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ba zai haifar da dogaro mai tsanani ga makamashin waje ba.Bugu da kari, fitattun batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da kuma hadarin sauyin yanayi da ke da nasaba da samar da wutar lantarki sun haifar da zaburar da siyasa da ta sa gwamnati ta aiwatar da dabarun rage gurbacewar iskar gas da nufin rage iskar gas da sauran iskar gas.Hasken rana da sauran makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa na iya taimakawa wajen magance waɗannan matsalolin muhalli.
Gwamnatoci a duk faɗin duniya sun aiwatar da manufofi daban-daban na ƙarfafawa don haɓaka haɓakawa da amfani da makamashin hasken rana da sauran makamashin da ake sabuntawa.Yawancin kasashen Turai, wasu kasashen Asiya, Australia, Canada da wasu jihohi na Amurka da wasu kasashen Latin Amurka sun fitar da manufofin sabunta makamashi.Ƙwararrun kuɗi na abokin ciniki sun haɗa da rangwamen farashi na babban birni, tikitin ciyarwar hotovoltaic da kiredit na haraji.

Photovoltaics

Aikin Li Hejun na "Jagorancin Sin: Juyin Juyin Masana'antu na Uku a kasar Sin" (wanda ake kira "Jagora ta farko ta kasar Sin") [1] shi ne aikin "juyin masana'antu na uku" a ka'idar kasar Sin, kuma kere-kere ya ba da jagorancin kasar Sin mafita. juyin juya hali na photovoltaic.Za ta iya warware matsalolin makamashi da inganta sauye-sauye a fannin tattalin arziki, wanda shi ne muhimmin dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa na kasar Sin.
"Babban makamashin da dan Adam ke amfani da shi a nan gaba ba zai zama gawayi, mai ko iskar gas ba, illa makamashin hasken rana."Li Hejun ya yi imanin cewa, "ba da himma wajen bunkasa sabbin masana'antar makamashi, musamman masana'antar daukar wutar lantarki, za ta zama wata dama ga kasar Sin."
"Kasar Sin mai jagoranci" ta bayyana yanayin sabon juyin juya halin makamashi na duniya, inda ya taƙaita kwarewa da darussan Turai, Amurka, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, da dai sauransu dangane da wannan batu, tare da "Made in China" na wasu. Fiye da shekaru 30 na yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje, da tarihin ci gaban masana'antar daukar hoto na kasar Sin da ayyuka, da ra'ayoyi da tunani, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, da masana'antu da kasuwanci, da kusurwoyi na yanzu da na nan gaba, kuma sun tattauna sosai kan dabaru, dabaru, manufofi da manufofin kasar Sin. matakan da ya kamata kasar Sin ta dauka a wannan zagaye na juyin juya halin masana'antu, ta yadda za a yanke hukunci kan kan gaba a duniya.
"Jagora ta kasar Sin" ta kasance kan gaba a jerin littattafai daban-daban tun bayan da aka buga ta.A cewar rahoton jerin litattafai na watan Nuwamba na 2013 da hukumar sa ido ta wasu kamfanoni na "Unwinding" na masana'antar litattafai ta buga, "Jagora ta farko ta kasar Sin" ta kasance cikin jerin littattafan tattalin arziki na tsawon makonni biyu a jere tun lokacin da aka jera shi a farkon Nuwamba 2013. A cewarsa. Mawallafin, "Jagorar China" da aka buga tun watan Nuwamba, kuma a cikin wata daya ya zama zakara na sayar da littattafan CITIC Publishing.A cewar rahoton "Labaran Beijing" na ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, 2013, "Jagora na kasar Sin" ya kasance kan gaba a jerin "Jerin Kamshin Littattafai" na littattafan tafiyar da tattalin arziki.
Kafofin watsa labaru suna kiran marubucin Li Hejun a matsayin "kwararre kan harkokin kasuwanci, ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa", wannan littafin ya sami nasarar karrama shugaban Cibiyar Ci Gaban Ƙasa ta Jami'ar Peking, tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki na Bankin Duniya Lin Yifu, sanannen masanin tattalin arziki Fan Gang, "Masana'antu na Uku" juyin juya hali. "Mawallafin Jeremy Rifkin, tsohon babban editan "Tattalin Arziki Daily", wanda ya kafa alamar China Ai Feng, kuma babban editan "Labarin Tattalin Arziki" Du Yuejin, an yaba da littafin "juyin juya halin masana'antu na uku" Mafi kyawun aikin ra'ayi a kasar Sin.

Abubuwan da aka gyara

Taro na photovoltaic na'urar na'ura ce ta samar da wutar lantarki wanda ke haifar da kai tsaye lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga hasken rana.Ya ƙunshi ƙwanƙwaran ƙwanƙwaran ƙwanƙwaran ƙwanƙwasa na hoto wanda aka yi kusan gaba ɗaya na kayan semiconductor (kamar silicon).Tun da babu wani sashi mai aiki, ana iya sarrafa shi na dogon lokaci ba tare da haifar da hasara ba.Kwayoyin photovoltaic masu sauƙi na iya samar da makamashi don agogo da masu ƙididdigewa, kuma ƙarin tsarin photovoltaic masu rikitarwa na iya samar da hasken wuta ga gidaje da wutar lantarki.Za'a iya yin kayan aikin panel na Photovoltaic a cikin nau'i daban-daban, kuma ana iya haɗa abubuwan da aka haɗa don samar da ƙarin iko.Duka saman rufin da saman ginin za su yi amfani da taruka na hotovoltaic panel, har ma a yi amfani da su azaman ɓangare na tagogi, fitilolin sama, ko na'urorin kariya.Wadannan shigarwa na hotuna ana kiran su azaman tsarin hotunan da aka haɗe zuwa gine-gine.
Halin da ake ciki da kuma abubuwan da ake bukata

Photovoltaic rage talauci
Tun daga shekarar 2015, gundumar Feidong da ke lardin Anhui ta yi kokari tare da zuba jarin Yuan miliyan 8.55 wajen aiwatar da ayyukan kawar da fatara, tare da gina hadin gwiwar iyali (iyali) ga kauyuka 5 masu fama da talauci, gidaje 225 matalauta da 80 "babu ko daya" matalauta gidaje a cikin gundumar.Tashoshin wutar lantarki na hoto 310.[3]

Hasken rana

amfani
① Babu haɗarin gajiya;
②Amintacce kuma abin dogaro, babu hayaniya, babu gurɓata yanayi, cikakken yanayin muhalli (babu gurɓata);
③ Ba'a iyakance shi ta hanyar rarraba albarkatun ba, kuma yana da damar yin kyau yayin da aka sanya shi a kan rufin ginin;
④ Samar da wutar lantarki a kan yanar gizo da samar da wutar lantarki ba tare da cinye man fetur ba da kafa layin watsawa;
⑤ Babban ingancin makamashi (a halin yanzu, mafi girman juzu'i a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kai fiye da 47%);
⑥ Masu amfani suna da sauƙin yarda da motsin rai da ƙauna sosai;
⑦ Lokacin ginin yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma lokacin da ake buƙata don samun makamashi kaɗan ne;
⑧ Daga ra'ayi na tsaro na kasa, samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic zai iya gane wadatar iyali da kanta, da guje wa lalacewa ta hanyar yaki.

Rashin amfani
① Dole ne kayan aikin amfani da hasken rana su kasance suna da yanki mai yawa.
②Amfanin makamashin hasken rana yana shafar yanayi da dare da rana.
③ Ƙuntataccen fasaha yana haifar da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, ƙarancin inganci, da babban saka hannun jari na kayan aiki.
④Yin amfani da batir ajiyar makamashin hasken rana shima zai kawo gurbacewar yanayi.

Saboda karuwar buƙatun ƙasashen duniya don ƙwayoyin photovoltaic na hasken rana, kamfanoni da yawa na cikin gida sun zama masana'antun OEM na photovoltaic cell, kuma suna amfani da wannan damar don ci gaba da girma da haɓaka.Sabuwar manufofin makamashi na Amurka yana ba da dama mai kyau ga kamfanoni masu daukar hoto na gida don haɓakawa.Wasu shugabannin masana'antu na cikin gida sun fara kafa rassa a Amurka don yin kwangilar ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki da kuma shiga cikin kasuwar samar da wutar lantarki ta gida.
A cikin dogon lokaci, idan kasar Sin ba ta ko'ina amfani da fasahar samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana ba, matsalolin makamashi da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ke fuskanta za su kara tsananta.Matsalolin makamashi ba shakka za su zama wani babban cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasar Sin.Kasar Sin na daya daga cikin kasashe masu arzikin makamashin hasken rana.Kasar Sin tana da fadin hamada mai fadin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.08, wanda akasari ana rarraba shi a yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar mai dimbin albarkatun haske.Za a iya shigar da yanki na murabba'in kilomita ɗaya tare da tsararrakin photovoltaic megawatt 100, wanda zai iya samar da kilowatt miliyan 150 a kowace shekara;idan aka bunkasa da kuma amfani da kashi 1% na hamada, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki daidai da shekarar 2003 a kasar Sin.A yankuna da yawa kamar arewacin kasar Sin da yankunan bakin teku, hasken rana ya wuce sa'o'i 2,000 a kowace shekara, kuma Hainan ya kai fiye da sa'o'i 2,400, wanda ya sa ya zama kasa mai amfani da hasken rana.Ana iya ganin cewa kasar Sin tana da yanayin yanayin kasa don watsa shirye-shiryen fasahar samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic.
Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kuma fitar da wasu manufofi game da bunkasa sabbin makamashi.Daga cikin su, "sanarwa kan aiwatar da aikin zanga-zangar Golden Sun" da aka fitar kwanan nan ya fi daukar hankali.Sanarwar ta mayar da hankali kan tallafawa samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da grid mai haɗin gwiwa, samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta, babban grid mai haɗin wutar lantarki da sauran ayyukan zanga-zangar, da kuma masana'antu na mahimman fasahar samar da wutar lantarki kamar siliki kayan tsarkakewa. da aiki mai haɗin grid da ginin ƙarfin asali mai alaƙa.Matsayin digiri da haɓaka kasuwa yana ƙayyade rufin tallafin saka hannun jari don ayyukan nunin daban-daban.Don ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki mai haɗin grid, bisa manufa, 50% na jimlar zuba jari na tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da ayyukan watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shiryenta za a ba da tallafi;a tsakanin su, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta na photovoltaic a cikin yankuna masu nisa ba tare da wutar lantarki ba za a ba da tallafi a kashi 70% na jimlar zuba jari;Mahimmin masana'antu na fasaha da ayyukan gina iya aiki galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar rangwame da tallafi.
Wannan manufar tana sa Sin ta zama cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar hasken rana a hankali daga wurin samar da kwayar halitta.Don wannan dama ta tarihi, ƙalubalen da kamfanonin hoto na gida ke fuskanta sun fi tsanani.Sai kawai ta ci gaba da haɓaka ingancin samfuran hotovoltaic da buɗe tashoshin tallace-tallace na gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa za mu iya yin amfani da damar da za mu fi dacewa kuma mu sa kamfanoni girma da ƙarfi.

Ƙarfin hasken rana yana da halaye na sabuntawa da kariyar muhalli.Wannan fa'idar ta sa kasashe da dama, ciki har da kasar Sin, daukar makamashin hasken rana a matsayin babbar sabuwar masana'antar makamashi.Kayayyakin daukar hoto a babban yankin kasar Sin ana ba da su ne ga kasuwannin Turai da Amurka, kuma kasuwar cikin gida ta yi kadan.Sakamakon karuwar bukatar kasuwa a Turai da Amurka, masana'antar daukar hoto ta kasar Sin ta samu bunkasuwa cikin sauri, tare da matsakaicin karuwar karuwar sama da kashi 40 cikin dari a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata.A cikin mahallin ƙarin ƙarin tallafi daga manufofi, makomar ci gaban ci gaban masana'antar hoto zai zama mafi girma.
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, sarkar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta photovoltaic ta ƙunshi sarƙoƙin masana'antu da suka haɗa da polysilicon, wafer silicon, yankan baturi da abubuwan baturi.A cikin sarkar masana'antu, daga polysilicon zuwa sassan baturi, ƙirar fasaha don samarwa yana ƙara ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma bisa ga haka, yawan kamfanoni kuma yana ƙaruwa.Sabili da haka, ribar dukkan sarkar masana'antar hotovoltaic an fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin hanyar samar da polysilicon na sama, kuma ribar kamfanonin da ke sama sun fi kyau fiye da ƙasa.
A halin yanzu, ribar da ake samu daga samar da sinadarin polysilicon a babban yankin kasar Sin ya kai kashi mafi girma na yawan ribar da kayayyakin batir na karshe, ya kai kusan kashi 52%;ribar samar da tsarin batir ya kai kusan 18%;Kusan 17% da 13%.
Tun 2008, farashin polysilicon ya fara raguwa sosai.Ya zuwa yanzu, farashin tabo na polysilicon na gida ya ragu daga dala 500 / kg zuwa 100-150 dala / kg.Bayanan don 2012 shine US $ 18 ~ 30 / kg.
Fadada ƙarfin Polysilicon yana da sauri da sauri, kuma ƙarancin haɓakar haɓakar buƙatu shine babban abin da ke haifar da faɗuwar farashin.Dangane da hasashen iSuppi, a cikin 2009, samar da polysilicon na duniya zai ninka, yayin da karuwar buƙatun shine kawai 34%.Saboda haka, farashin polysilicon na iya faɗuwa gaba.Har ila yau iSuppi ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 2010, farashin tabo na polysilicon zai ragu zuwa $ 100 / kg, wanda zai rage riba mai yawa na masu samar da polysilicon.
Faduwar farashin polysilicon zai haɓaka ribar masu kera tantanin halitta, amma kasuwancin wafer ɗin siliki mai tsabta shima yana haifar da babban haɗari.Ko mai samar da polysilicon ne na sama ko mai kera tantanin halitta, babu matsalolin fasaha wajen kera silicon.Lokacin da duka na sama da na ƙasa suka shiga kasuwancin siliki a lokaci guda, ribar wannan sarkar kasuwancin wafer na siliki tana raguwa sosai.
Masana'antar daukar hoto ta kasar Sin ta samar da cikakkiyar sarkar masana'antu.A shekarar 2009, yawan sinadarin polysilicon a kasar Sin ya zarce ton 20,000, kuma yawan makamashin hasken rana ya wuce megawatt 4,000.Ta zama kasa mafi girma a duniya a duniya tsawon shekaru uku a jere.
A cikin watan Mayun shekarar 2010, an kafa hadin gwiwar masana'antar daukar hoto ta kasar Sin, inda ta jawo hankalin kamfanoni 22 na kashin baya na photovoltaic na gida, da kungiyoyin masana'antu da cibiyoyin bincike don shiga.Hadin gwiwar masana'antar daukar hoto ta kasar Sin tana mai da hankali kan ba da jagoranci kan kirkire-kirkire na hadin gwiwar masana'antu, da inganta aikace-aikace, da daidaita ci gaba, da yin bincike kan manufofin da ke karfafa bunkasuwar masana'antar daukar hoto, da kara ba da goyon baya ga sauye-sauyen fasahohin kamfanoni da inganta masana'antu.Hadin gwiwar masana'antu na daukar hoto na kasar Sin za ta himmatu wajen hada albarkatun masana'antu, da inganta gyare-gyaren tsari, da sauya hanyoyin raya kasa, da inganta hadin gwiwar masana'antu, da fadada tasirin kasa da kasa da yin gasa.

A cikin 2001, Wuxi Suntech ya yi nasarar kafa layin samar da hasken rana mai karfin 10MWp (megawatt).A cikin Satumba 2002, Suntech's farko 10MW na samar da hasken rana layin da aka sanya a hukumance a cikin samarwa, tare da samar iya aiki daidai da jimlar shekaru hudu da suka gabata na kasa da kasa fitarwa cell.Rata a cikin masana'antar photovoltaic ta duniya ya rage ta shekaru 15.
Daga 2003 zuwa 2005, wanda kasuwar Turai ke jagoranta, musamman kasuwar Jamus, Suntech da Baoding Yingli sun ci gaba da fadada samar da kayayyaki.Wasu kamfanoni da yawa sun kafa layukan samar da hasken rana, wanda ya haifar da saurin bunkasuwar aikin samar da hasken rana a kasar Sin.
A cikin 2004, Silicon Hi-tech, haduwa ta kafa ta Luoyang menocrystalline silik.Bisa ga wannan, a cikin 2005, shi ne farkon aikin samar da silicon polycrystalline mai nauyin ton 300 na gida.An kammala shi kuma ya fara aiki, wanda ya buɗe farkon babban ci gaban polysilicon a China.
A shekarar 2007, kasar Sin ta zama kasar da ta fi samar da makamashin hasken rana, kuma yawan abin da take fitarwa ya tashi daga megawatt 400 a shekarar 2006 zuwa 1088MW.
A shekarar 2008, samar da makamashin hasken rana na kasar Sin ya kai megawatt 2600.
A shekarar 2009, yawan makamashin hasken rana na kasar Sin ya kai megawatt 4000.
A shekara ta 2006, abin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara na ƙwayoyin hasken rana ya kai 2500MW.
A shekara ta 2007, abin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara na ƙwayoyin hasken rana ya kai 4,450MW.
A shekara ta 2008, abin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara na ƙwayoyin hasken rana ya kai 7,900MW.
A shekara ta 2009, abin da ake fitarwa a duk shekara na ƙwayoyin hasken rana ya kai 10,700MW.
A watan Maris din shekarar 2013, kotun tsakiyar birnin Wuxi ta bayar da sanarwar cewa Wuxi Suntech Solar Power Co., Ltd. ba za ta iya biyan basussukan da ta kamata ba, kuma ta yanke hukuncin fatara da sake tsari kamar yadda doka ta tanada.
A cikin rubu'i uku na farkon shekarar 2015, jimillar adadin kayayyakin da masana'antun kera wutar lantarki na kasar Sin suka fitar ya zarce yuan biliyan 200.Daga cikin su, fitowar polysilicon kusan tan 105,000 ne, haɓakar 20% a shekara;Fitar da wafer silicon shine kusan guda biliyan 6.8, haɓaka fiye da 10% a shekara;fitowar tantanin halitta kusan 28GW, karuwa fiye da 10% a shekara;Abubuwan da ake fitarwa na module kusan 31GW, kowace shekara An haɓaka da 26.4%.Riba na kamfanoni na photovoltaic ya inganta sosai, kuma duk hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu sun karu sosai.A cikin rubu'i uku na farkon shekarar 2015, kayayyakin da ake amfani da su na daukar hoto na kasar Sin daga shigo da su zuwa kasashen waje, da aikin gina tashar samar da wutar lantarki a karkashin magudanan ruwa, da samun riba a kamfanoni da dai sauransu.Daga cikin su, ƙimar fitarwa na manyan samfuran photovoltaic irin su silicon wafers, ƙwayoyin rana da kayayyaki sun kai dalar Amurka biliyan 10.Sabbin damar da aka shigar na daukar hoto yana da kusan 10.5GW, karuwar kashi 177% a duk shekara, wanda tashar wutar lantarki ta kasa kusan 6.5GW.[4-5]

 
Matsalar fasaha
A halin yanzu, bincike mai zaman kansa da karfin ci gaban kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin gaba daya ba shi da karfi.Babban semiconductor albarkatun kasa da kayan aiki ana shigo da su.Ƙullancin fasaha ya taƙaita ci gaban masana'antar hoto na kasar Sin sosai.
A cikin dukkanin sarkar masana'antar daukar hoto, matakin fasahar tattara kaya da jari shine mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda ya haifar da bullar kamfanoni sama da 170 a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin ƙasar Sin, tare da jimlar marufi da bai gaza kilowatt miliyan 2 ba.Koyaya, saboda hauhawar farashin albarkatun ƙasa da ƙarfin marufi, waɗannan kamfanoni a zahiri ba su da riba kaɗan kuma ingancin samfur bai yi daidai ba.
Dangane da haka, masana'antun sarrafa hasken rana irin su Wuxi Suntech da Nanjing Zhongdian Photovoltaic, wadanda ke kan gaba a cikin sarkar masana'antu da fasahar zamani, sun fi kyau.Yawancinsu suna samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana na kristal na farko tare da ingantaccen aiki kuma sune samfuran yau da kullun akan kasuwa.
Duk da haka, a duniya, kayan aikin hasken rana suna canzawa daga tsara na farko zuwa tsara na biyu.Adadin kayan siliki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ɓangarorin fina-finai na hasken rana na samfuran ƙarni na biyu ya ragu sosai, kuma farashin su ya riga ya yi ƙasa da na ƙwayoyin hasken rana.A gaban masana, siraran fina-finan hasken rana za su yi fafatawa da ƙwanƙwaran ƙwayoyin hasken rana a nan gaba.
Kong Li, mai bincike na Cibiyar Injiniya ta Lantarki na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin, kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar sabunta makamashi ta kasar Sin, ya yi imanin cewa, akwai babban gibi tsakanin Sin da kasashen ketare, wajen gudanar da bincike da bunkasar hasken rana. Kwayoyin da kuma ci gaban siriri-fim hasken rana Kwayoyin, a kalla 10 shekaru baya.
Mai rikodin rikodin duniya na fasahar hotovoltaic shine ainihin kamfanoni na ƙasashen waje.Alal misali, Kyocera Japan ta ƙaddamar da siliki na polycrystalline silicon solar cell tare da ingantaccen canjin hoto na 18.5%;Sanyo Japan yana amfani da matasan tantanin halitta na hasken rana wanda aka yi da siliki na siliki na crystalline da fina-finai na siliki na amorphous tare da ingantaccen canjin hoto na 22%;United Solar Kamfanin ta m amorphous silicon bakin ciki-fim hasken rana Kwayoyin tare da micron-matakin bakin karfe tube a matsayin substrates da abũbuwan amfãni daga haske nauyi da sassauci idan aka kwatanta da sauran kamfanoni' gilashin wuya substrate hasken rana Kwayoyin.
Fasahar daukar hoto ta duniya tana ci gaba da yin nasara, kuma farashin masana'antu yana ci gaba da raguwa.Rahoton "Rahoton Ci Gaban Hoto na kasar Sin na 2007" ya bayyana cewa, tare da ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha da ci gaba da fadada sikelin masana'antu, ana sa ran farashin samar da wutar lantarki zai yi gogayya da wutar lantarki ta al'ada bayan 2030 kuma ya zama babban nau'i na amfani da makamashi.
A taron taron kolin hasken rana na duniya na shekarar 2007 da aka gudanar a birnin Beijing a watan Satumba, mataimakin shugaban kungiyar kula da makamashin hasken rana ta kasa da kasa kuma mai ba da shawara na kamfanin Japan Kyocera Yukawa Yui ya gabatar da cewa, kasar Japan na shirin rage farashin samar da wutar lantarki zuwa daidai da shekarar 2010, 2020 da 2030. A matakin yuan 1.5, yuan 0.93 da yuan 0.47 a kowace kWh.Dangane da hasashen Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic a duniya zai kai kashi 2% na yawan samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 2020, da kashi 20% -28% a shekarar 2040.

 
Tallafin Siyasa
Ci gaban masana'antar daukar hoto na kasar Sin yana cikin ci gaba.Idan har za ta iya tsallake kangin siyasa da fasaha, to babu makawa za ta samu makoma mara iyaka.Cui Rongqiang, darektan cibiyar makamashin hasken rana kuma mai kula da digirin digirgir a jami'ar Shanghai Jiaotong, ya yi imanin cewa, ya kamata kasar da ake da ita ta karfafa tsarin manufofin inganta masana'antu don takaita gibin da ake samu tare da ci gaban kasa da kasa.
Na farko, tsara tsarin tsakiyar zuwa dogon lokaci tare da manufar "noma kasuwar aikace-aikacen photovoltaic da inganta ci gaban masana'antar hoto", da kuma ƙayyadaddun doka da kuma tsaftace rabon sayayyar wutar lantarki da za a iya sabuntawa da amfani da mahimmanci.
Na biyu, ƙarfafa farar hula su shiga Intanet.Yin la'akari da kwarewa na kasashen waje, sannu a hankali ƙaddamarwa da aiwatar da ainihin "tsarin rufin hoton hoto" don kafa matsayi na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin tsarin makamashi na kasa.
Na uku, kafa kudade na tallafi na musamman da aiwatar da rage kudade da manufofin keɓancewa a cikin kuɗi da haraji.Alal misali, a halin yanzu, ana samun kudade na musamman daga kudaden wutar lantarki na gida zuwa masana'antar hoto;don haɓaka ƙarfin hoto a cikin yankunan matalauta, wani ɓangare na tallafin gwamnati, wani ɓangare na tallafin kasuwanci, da tallafi a farashin farashi, da dai sauransu.
Na hudu, koyi daga kwarewar gine-gine na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba dole ne su sami gogewa a cikin samfuran hoto, da aiwatar da tsauraran manufofin makamashin hasken rana a wuraren jama'a da gine-ginen gwamnati a wuraren da suka ci gaba.
Na biyar, goyi bayan masana'antar siliki mai tsabta mai tsabta ta sama, rage farashin sel na hoto, sa'an nan kuma haɓaka rage farashin da haɓaka aikace-aikacen haɓakar grid na grid na photovoltaic.
Karancin basira
Daga cikin manyan kwalejojin sana'o'i sama da 1,200 a duk faɗin ƙasar, babu sama da 30 da suka kafa manyan aikace-aikacen fasahar samar da wutar lantarki na hoto.Farfesa Dai Yuwei, shugaban kwamitin koli na koyar da sabbin makamashi na kwalejin koyar da sana'o'i ta ma'aikatar ilimi, ya bayyana cewa, saboda rashin kwararrun kwararrun ma'aikata a kasar Sin, ya zama wajibi a dauki wadanda suka kammala karatu a fannin lantarki. injiniyan sinadarai da sauran fannoni, da horar da su yadda ake bukata.Yawancin masana'antar Photovoltaic suna buƙatar ƙwararrun ƙwarewar ƙwararrun masani, da kuma babbar giasa da gaggawa ta cika ta hanyar ɗaukar hankali.
Wani mai kula da wani sanannen kamfanin samar da makamashin hasken rana ya kuma ce: Masana'antar daukar hoto na kara habaka, kuma wuraren da ake amfani da su na makamashin hasken rana suna kara fadi da fadi, amma akwai 'yan takwarorinsu masu sana'a da yawa, kuma gibin da ake samu a shekara ya kai kusan 200,000.

kasuwar ketare

A karshen shekarar 2007, jimillar darajar kasuwan kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin da aka jera a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma, kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 32.A yau, adadin lissafin ya karu zuwa 11, amma jimillar darajar kasuwa ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 2 kawai, wanda ya ragu da fiye da 90% daga kololuwar.A cikin shekara guda da rabi da suka wuce, farashin buƙatun ka'idar elasticity na samfuran hoto ya ƙare gaba ɗaya, farashin ya faɗi sosai, amma buƙatar ta kasance mai ƙarfi.Xu Min ya yi imanin cewa babban dalilin shi ne tsauraran manufofin bashi na bankuna.A matsayinta na kasuwa mafi girma a duniya na daukar hoto, Turai na fama da matsalar bashi mai tsanani, yanayin bashi yana da wuyar gaske, kuma kasuwar hoto yana cikin mummunan yanayi.
Ban da wannan kuma, kungiyar Jefferies ta yi kiyasin cewa, sakamakon manufofin Amurka na yaki da siyasa biyu da ke shafar kayayyakin da kasar Sin ke fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje, a rubu'in farko na wannan shekara, asarar da kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin suka yi, sakamakon matakan hana daukar matakai biyu, ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 120, wanda ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 120. daidai yake da kamfanonin kasar Sin da ke buƙatar sayar da ƙarin kayayyaki na 2.4GW don Maido da lalacewa.
A halin yanzu, masana'antar photovoltaic ta daina samarwa kuma ta yi fatara, da sauransu, kuma yana da matukar wahala ga kamfanoni su sami kuɗi daga kasuwa.Xu Min ya ce kimanin kamfanoni 10 na daukar hoto sun yi kokarin fitowa fili amma ba su yi nasara ba.
A cewar shafin yanar gizon kungiyar masana'antu ta kasar Sin, Xu Min ya bayyana cewa, raguwar farashin kayayyakin daukar hoto ya haifar da babbar illa ga kamfanoni masu daukar hoto.Daga cikin kamfanonin photovoltaic tara da Jefferies ya ƙidaya, asarar lalacewar kadari a cikin rabin na biyu na bara ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9..
Kwanan nan Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Tarayya (FERC) ta sanar da kara samar da wutar lantarki mai inganci a watan Oktoba, yayin da akwai ayyukan daukar hoto guda biyar kacal, jimlar MW 31, kasa da kashi 20% na matsakaicin megawatt 180 na wata-wata a shekarar 2014.
Ya kamata a lura cewa FERC kawai tana ƙididdige makamashin hasken rana mai amfani, don haka waɗannan bayanan ba su haɗa da wuraren da ke girma "bayan-mita", gami da tsarin hasken rana na rufin rufin don gidaje, kasuwanci, da makarantu.
Duk da jinkirin ci gaba da ayyukan samar da kayan aiki masu amfani a wannan matakin, ana sa ran kasuwar daukar hoto ta kasa baki daya za ta karu zuwa 6.5 GW a cikin 2014, karuwar 36% daga 2013, yana sa hasken rana ya wuce iskar gas a matsayin mafi girman tushen sabon samar da wutar lantarki. .
Manyan kamfanoni 10 na waje da aka jera sunayen kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin
Manyan kamfanoni 10 da ke da mafi girman kasuwar kasuwa a masana'antar daukar hoto ta kasar Sin a ketare (bayanai tun daga ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2012)
TOP 1: Darajar Kasuwar GCL-Poly: biliyan 18.3 (HKD) = biliyan 2.359 (USD)
TOP 2: Darajar Kasuwar Trina Solar: miliyan 389 (USD)
TOP 3: Yingli Green Energy Market Darajar: miliyan 279 (USD)
TOP 4: Jingao Solar Market Darajar: miliyan 204 (USD)
TOP 5: Darajar Kasuwar Wutar Lantarki ta Suntech: miliyan 197 (USD)
TOP 6: Saiwei LDK darajar kasuwa: miliyan 192 (USD)
TOP 7: Yuhui Sunshine Market Darajar: miliyan 135 (USD)
TOP 8: Darajar Kasuwar Rana ta Artus: miliyan 127 (USD)
TOP 9: Hanwha Sabuwar Kasuwar Makamashi Darajar: 97.130 (USD)
TOP 10: Darajar kasuwar JinkoSolar: miliyan 57.9092 (USD)…

jayayya

Yuli 2012
Ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta tabbatar da cewa ta kaddamar da shari'ar "biyu-biyu" kan Amurka a fannin polysilicon da kuma binciken hana zubar da jini a kan Koriya ta Kudu.
Nuwamba 2012
Ma'aikatar kasuwanci ta kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar gudanar da binciken hana tallafin tallafi da binciken zubar da jini kan polysilicon da aka shigo da shi daga kasashen waje daga Tarayyar Turai, kuma za ta gudanar da binciken hade tare da binciken "biyu anti" na kayayyakin polysilicon da aka fara. Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu.
Sakamakon rikicin bashi na Turai da kariyar ciniki tsakanin kasashe da yawa, kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin sun yi asara mai yawa.Daga cikin su, Savi ya yi asarar fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 400 a farkon rabin 2012, kuma Suntech Power ya yi asarar dalar Amurka miliyan 180 a cikin Q2 a cikin 2012.
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sanar a ranar 4 ga wata cewa, Tarayyar Turai za ta sanya takunkumin hana zubar da ciki na wucin gadi kan kayayyakin da ake samarwa a kasar Sin daga ranar 6 ga watan Yuni. Adadin harajin na watanni biyu na farko zai kasance kashi 11.8% sannan kuma zai tashi zuwa kashi 47.6%.
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, ta yi la'akari da cewa za ta tabbatar da daidaiton samar da kayan aikin daukar hoto a cikin gajeren lokaci, kwamitin ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da harajin wucin gadi cikin matakai biyu.Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuni, EU za ta aiwatar da adadin haraji na wucin gadi na 11.8%.Bayan 6 ga Agusta, adadin haraji zai tashi zuwa 47.6%, yayin da matsakaicin adadin haraji ya kasance 37.2% zuwa 67.9%.
Kwamishinan kasuwanci na Tarayyar Turai De Gucht ya fada a taron manema labarai cewa, za a kiyaye adadin haraji na wucin gadi na tsawon watanni 6 har zuwa Disamba, bayan haka hukumar Tarayyar Turai za ta yanke shawarar sanya harajin dindindin kan kayayyakin da ake samarwa a kasar Sin.Da zarar an sanya jadawalin kuɗin fito, jadawalin kuɗin fito zai ci gaba da shekaru 5.
Sai dai kuma a wannan rana, kungiyar Tarayyar Turai mai rahusa Photovoltaic Union (AFASE) ta aike da budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga De Gucht inda ta bukaci yanke hukuncin dakatar da biyan haraji.Wasikar ta bayyana cewa, matakin da hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta dauka zai sa makamashin hasken rana ya fi na kwal ko makamashin nukiliya, wanda hakan zai sa makamashin hasken rana mai tsafta ba zai maye gurbin gurbataccen makamashi ba.Wasikar ta jaddada cewa: "Cujin yanayi shine babban kalubalen zamaninmu, kuma makamashin hasken rana mai arha makami ne mai karfi don fuskantar wannan kalubale."
Bisa bukatar kungiyar Tarayyar Turai Taimakawa Solar Energy Organisation (EU ProSun), Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kaddamar da bincike na yaki da zubar da jini da kuma hana tallafi kan kwayoyin halittar hasken rana da suka samo asali daga kasar Sin a watan Satumba da Nuwamba 2012.
De Gucht ya ce, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yi imanin cewa, yawan jibin da kamfanonin photovoltaic na kasar Sin ke yi a kasuwannin EU ya kai kashi 112.6%, kuma adadin lalacewar kayayyakin daukar hoto na EU ya kai kashi 67.9%.Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta kuma yi imanin cewa kayayyakin kasar Sin sun haifar da dimbin kamfanoni masu daukar hoto na EU yin fatara, kuma sun shafi kusan guraben ayyukan yi 25,000 a cikin EU.
Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawara ga kasashe mambobin EU da su sanya takunkumin hana zubar da ruwa na wucin gadi na kashi 47.6% kan kayayyakin daukar hoto na kasar Sin.Kamar yadda majiyoyi suka bayyana, kasashe 18 ne suka nuna adawa da shawarar.
Rong Sili, darektan sashen kula da harkokin jama'a na kasar Sin Trina Solar na Turai, ya bayyana cewa, harajin wucin gadi na hana zubar da jini da kungiyar EU ta sanya, wato kashi 11.7% ko kuma kashi 47.6%, zai yi mummunan tasiri kan kamfanoni masu alaka da Sin da Turai. .Ta ce: "Abokan cinikinmu na Jamus sun kiyasta cewa idan an saita adadin harajin EU da kusan kashi 15%, to kashi 85% na kasuwancinsu na iya yin asara."
De Gucht ya kuma ce: "Hukumar Tarayyar Turai za ta kasance a shirye a ko da yaushe don fara tattaunawa da masu fitar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin da masu fitar da kayayyaki da kuma cibiyoyin kasuwanci masu dacewa.Idan bangarorin biyu za su iya samar da mafita mai kyau, za a daina karbar kudin fito na wucin gadi."
Dangane da haka, Rong Sili ya ce: "Tabbas, kamfaninmu yana maraba da irin wannan tattaunawa, amma hakan yana bukatar sahihancin bangarorin biyu."[6-8]
A ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2013, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sanar da cewa, kungiyar EU za ta sanya takunkumin hana zubar da jini na wucin gadi na kashi 11.8% kan na'urorin hasken rana da muhimman na'urorin da aka kera a kasar Sin daga ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, idan Sin da Turai suka kasa cimma matsaya kafin ranar 6 ga watan Agusta. Adadin harajin hana zubar da ciki zai tashi zuwa 47.6%.

Wuxi Suntech: Shugaba Shi Zhengrong
Jiangxi Saiwei: Shugaba Peng Xiaofeng
Kungiyar Yingli: Shugaba Miao Liansheng
Kungiyar Jingao: Shugaban Jin Baofang
Artus: Shugaba Qu Xiaohua
Trina Solar: Shugaban Gao Jifan
Hanwha New Energy: Shugaban Nan Shengyou
Yuhui Sunshine: Shugaban Li Xianshou
JinkoSolar: Shugaba Li Xiande
Nanjing CLP: Shugaban Lu Tingxiu
Ta yaya kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin ya kamata su mayar da martani ga "anti biyu"
Game da yadda kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin ya kamata su magance "dual-reverse" na Amurka, yawancin mutane a cikin masana'antu sun gabatar da dabarun "ketare teku".A hakika, dabarun fadada ketare ya kamata ya zama dabarun dogon lokaci ga kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin.Ko babu “anti biyu”, ya kamata a aiwatar da shi ta hanyar da aka tsara;haka kuma, ya kamata gwamnatin tsakiya ta ba da isasshen goyon baya ta yadda za ta iya ba wa kasar isasshiyar kudaden ajiyar waje na waje.An riga an faɗi wannan a baya.Sai dai kuma a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa, ya kamata a lura cewa kafa masana’anta a kasashen ketare lamari ne mai sarkakiya kuma mai dadewa, wanda ke bukatar bincike mai zurfi da tsai da shawara.Idan kawai saboda " adawa biyu", an yanke shawarar da sauri, kuma yana iya zama kuskure.Haka kuma, akwai dabarun tunkarar hauhawar farashin da aka samu ta hanyar kafa masana'antu a ketare.
Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci ga kamfanoni masu daukar hoto na kasar Sin su yi amfani da damar da aka samu a halin yanzu a cikin masana'antar hoto, da ƙarfafa ƙarfinsu da wuri-wuri, da haɓaka ikon su na tsayayya da haɗari, da inganta fasaha da matakan masana'antu, wanda shine ainihin mayar da martani.Ga shawarwari guda uku:
Kamata ya yi mu yi karfin gwiwa mu rungumi fasahar kirkire-kirkire mai zaman kanta ta kasar Sin
Ko da yake kasar Sin babbar kasa ce ta samar da wutar lantarki, ba ita ce kasar da ke samar da wutar lantarki mai karfi ba.Idan muka yi la'akari da irin nau'in polysilicon da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, an rage farashin cinikin waje zuwa Yuan 150,000 / ton, kuma har yanzu ana samun ribar, amma kusan dukkan kamfanonin kasar Sin na iya dakatar da hakowa.Wannan shi ne sakamakon dogaro da fasahar kasashen waje.Duk da haka, kwarewar da kasar Sin ta samu a fannin masana'antu a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, hakika ya tara dimbin sabbin abubuwa.A gaskiya ma, kamfanoni da yawa sun haɓaka da yawa "ƙananan farashi, babban inganci" fasahar kere kere na hoto.Misali, fasahar tsarkakewa ta hanyar polysilicon na PM da Shanghai Provo ta ƙera na iya rage farashin zuwa yuan 60,000 / ton a ƙarƙashin tsabtar 99.99995%, wanda shine kawai 1/2.5 na farashin hanyar Siemens polysilicon a waje.Fasahar simintin kristal mara iri da Shanghai Pro ta haɓaka ba wai kawai tana da inganci ba amma kuma tana da ƙarancin farashi, kuma ta riga ta kasance cikin babban matsayi na duniya.Tanderu mai ingot polycrystalline silicon ingot makera a Shanghai Provo yana da nau'in tanderu guda ɗaya na kilogiram 3,200.Amfanin makamashi a kowace ingot bai wuce 5 kWh / kg ba.Ingancin hatsi ya fi na Turai da na Amurka ingot kayan aiki.Wannan ya nuna cewa, fasahar kere-kere da sarrafa kayan aikin kasar Sin, da yin bincike, da karfin bunkasuwa sun riga sun kai matakin ci gaba na kasa da kasa.A halin da ake ciki a halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu, muddin kamfanonin daukar hoto na kasar Sin da karfin gwiwa sun yi amfani da wadannan sabbin fasahohi don yin kirkire-kirkire masu zaman kansu, da karfin gwiwa wajen daukar nasarorin da suka samu a fannin fasaha a cikin gida, kuma da kansu suna samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da wutar lantarki, za su iya kara raguwa sosai. farashin masana'anta na hotovoltaic.A watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, aikin "tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai inganci mai inganci" na kamfanin Wuhan Aowei ya samu lambar yabo ta zinare ta musamman a bikin baje kolin fasahar kere-kere na kasa da kasa na Geneva karo na 41, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin lambobin yabo na musamman na zinariya guda uku da tawagar kasar Sin ta samu.