Me yasa samar da wutar lantarki na photovoltaic zai iya zama babban matsayi a cikin samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa?

Masu amfani, masana'antu, da gwamnatoci duk suna ɗaukar matakan haɓaka amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa.Wannan yana tura tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da tsarin rarrabawa daga tsarin gine-ginen cibiya-da-magana zuwa mafi girman tushen grid na samar da wutar lantarki da amfani da shi, da kuma samari da kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar grid mai wayo.

A cewar rahoton Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019.nan da shekarar 2024, samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa zai karu da kashi 50%.

Hakan na nufin karfin samar da makamashin da ake sabuntawa a duniya zai karu da 1200GW, wanda yayi daidai da karfin da Amurka ta girka a halin yanzu.Rahoton ya annabta cewa kashi 60% na haɓakar samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa zai kasance a cikin nau'ikan kayan aikin hasken rana.

Rahoton ya kuma jaddada mahimmancin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da aka rarraba, yayin da masu amfani, gine-ginen kasuwanci da masana'antu suka fara samar da wutar lantarki da kansu.Yana annabta cewa ta 2024, rarraba wutar lantarki na photovoltaic zai ninka fiye da 500 GW.Wannan yana nufin hakararraba wutar lantarki na photovoltaic zai yi lissafin kusan rabin jimlar girma na samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana.

Amfanin hasken rana

Me yasa samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ke daukar irin wannan matsayi a cikin ci gaban samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa?

Dalili ɗaya a bayyane shi ne cewa rana tana haskaka dukanmu, saboda haka ana amfani da ƙarfinta sosai.Wannan yana kawo wutar lantarki kusa da amfani da wutar lantarki kuma yana isar da wutar zuwa wurin kashe wutar lantarki, wanda ke da amfani musamman don rage asarar wutar lantarki.

Wani dalili a bayyane shi neakwai makamashin hasken rana da yawa.Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa a hankali wajen ƙididdige yawan kuzarin da ƙasa ke samu daga rana.Ka'idar babban yatsan yatsa ita ce matsakaicin matakin teku shine 1kW a kowace murabba'in mita a ranar rana, ko kuma lokacin da aka yi la'akari da abubuwa kamar zagayowar rana/dare, kusurwar abin da ya faru, da yanayin yanayi, matsakaicin shine kowace murabba'in mita kowace rana.ku 6 kW.

Kwayoyin hasken rana suna amfani da tasirin hoto don canza hasken abin da ya faru zuwa makamashin lantarki a cikin nau'in rafi na photons.Photons ana shayar da su da kayan aikin semiconductor kamar silican doped, kuma makamashin su yana motsa electrons daga kwayoyin halitta ko atomic orbitals.Wadannan electrons suna da 'yanci su watsar da makamashin da ya wuce gona da iri a matsayin zafi kuma su dawo cikin kewayawa, ko yadawa zuwa electrode kuma su zama wani ɓangare na halin yanzu don daidaita yiwuwar bambancin da zai haifar a kan electrode.

Kamar yadda yake tare da duk hanyoyin jujjuya makamashi, ba duk shigarwar kuzari zuwa sel na hasken rana ba ne ake fitarwa ta hanyar da aka fi so na makamashin lantarki.A haƙiƙa, ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzarin sel silicon monocrystalline na hasken rana yana shawagi tsakanin 20% zuwa 25% tsawon shekaru da yawa.Duk da haka, damar yin amfani da hasken rana yana da girma sosai cewa ƙungiyar bincike ta yi aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa don yin amfani da ƙananan sifofi da kayan aiki don inganta haɓakar canjin tantanin halitta, kamar yadda aka nuna a wannan hoton ta NREL.

Samun mafi girman ingancin kuzarin da aka nuna yawanci akan kuɗin amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban da dabaru masu rikitarwa da tsada.

Yawancin na'urorin photovoltaic na hasken rana sun dogara ne akan nau'ikan silicon crystalline ko fina-finai na siliki, cadmium telluride ko jan karfe indium gallium selenide, tare da ingantaccen juzu'i na 20% zuwa 30%.An gina baturi a cikin tsarin, kuma mai sakawa zai iya amfani da waɗannan kayayyaki a matsayin naúrar asali don gina tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana.

Kalubalen ingancin makamashi

Canjin hoto yana canza kilowatts na abin da ya faru na makamashin rana akan kowace murabba'in mita na saman duniya zuwa 200 zuwa 300 W na makamashin lantarki.Tabbas, wannan yana ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi.Koyaya, ana iya rage tasirin jujjuyawa saboda dalilai masu zuwa: ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara da ƙurar da aka ajiye akan saman baturin, tasirin tsufa na kayan semiconductor, da ƙarar inuwa saboda canjin yanayi kamar haɓakar ciyayi. ko gina sabbin gine-gine.

Saboda haka, gaskiyar ita ce, ko da yake makamashin hasken rana yana da kyauta, amfani da hasken rana don samar da makamashi mai amfani yana buƙatar ingantawa a hankali na kowane mataki na tarawa, ajiya, da juyawa na ƙarshe zuwa makamashin lantarki.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan damar da za a inganta ingantaccen makamashi shine zane nainverter, wanda ke juyar da fitarwar DC na tsarin hasken rana (ko ajiyar batir ɗin sa) zuwa AC current don amfani kai tsaye ko watsa ta hanyar grid.

Mai jujjuyawar yana canza polarity na shigar da DC na yanzu don sanya shi kusa da fitarwar AC.Mafi girman mitar sauyawa, mafi girman ingancin juzu'i.Sauƙaƙe mai sauƙi zai iya samar da fitowar raƙuman murabba'i wanda zai iya fitar da nauyin juriya, amma tare da jituwa, zai lalata ƙarin hadaddun kayan lantarki waɗanda ke aiki da tsantsar sine wave AC.Saboda haka, inverter zane ya zama mabuɗin don daidaitawa.A gefe guda,haɓaka mitar sauyawa don haɓaka haɓakar makamashi, ƙarfin aiki da samar da wutar lantarki, a wannan bangaren,don rage farashin kayan kayan taimako da ake amfani da su don santsin raƙuman murabba'in.