Kuzamuka kw'amashanyarazi areremba hejuru y'amazi!

Imyaka icumi ishize, izuba ryabaye isoko yingufu zishobora kuvugururwa.Mu myaka 10 gusa, ingufu z'izuba zahindutse uburyo bwiza.Noneho's igihe cyo gusuzuma izamuka rya pv.Bitekerezeho.Mbere ya 2013, ingirabuzimafatizo zireremba ntizigeze'nta kubaho.

Ipatanti ya mbere yo kureremba PV yatanzwe mu 2008. Mu 2006, inzobere mu mafoto y’amashanyarazi Ciel et Terre, ifite icyicaro i Lille mu Bufaransa, yatangiye gusunika icyo gitekerezo.

Mu 2007, sitasiyo ntoya y’ubucuruzi 175KW yubatswe ku cyuzi kiri i Far Niente, uruganda rukora divayi rwa Napa Valle, kugira ngo igabanye ingufu z’ingufu no kwirinda gufata ubutaka.Inyungu nyinshi zirashobora gukorwa mugutera imizabibu kubutaka.

Sisitemu ya mbere ireremba ya PV yubatswe muri Perefegitura ya Aichi, mu Buyapani, mu 2007. Kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu byinshi byagaragaye ko hagaragaye ibihingwa bito munsi y’urwego rwa megawatt, cyane cyane mu Bufaransa, Ubutaliyani, Koreya yepfo, Espanye na Amerika, aribyo zikoreshwa cyane cyane mubushakashatsi no kwerekana.Wibuke ko na“Bisanzwe”ikiguzi cy'ingufu z'izuba ntigishobora gukomeza muri iki gihe kandi gishobora kugerwaho gusa hamwe nigiciro cyinshi cyo kugaburira no kugoboka.

Kugeza ubu, biragaragara ko Aziya izaganza PV ireremba mugihe cya vuba ndetse no hanze yacyo.

Twahisemo kureremba PV kuko amakuru yerekeye uyu murima mushya ntabwo yahagaze kuva ukwezi gushize.Iya mbere ni uko NTPC yashyizeho sitasiyo ya 10MW ireremba amashanyarazi muri NTPC's Ikigega cya Simhadari Amashanyarazi.Igihingwa cyahindutse Ubuhinde byoroshye's nini mu murima, ariko ntabwo ari ndende.Hanyuma Ciel Et Terre yafunguye sitasiyo ya MW 5.4 ahitwa Sagardighi muri Burengerazuba bwa Burengerazuba, iyambere muriyo ku rugomero rw'amashanyarazi.

Ibyo's.Mugihe usoma iyi nkuru, NTPC ishobora kuba yarafunguye undi mubuhinde's nini nini zireremba PV, amashanyarazi ya MW 100 areremba PV yateganijwe mugice cya mbere kuri Telangana.Kubaka umushinga byari biteganijwe gutangira muri Gicurasi, ariko kubera indwara nshya yikamba, ubu bizatangira mubyiciro, buri cyiciro kigera kuri 15MW, kandi umushinga wa 100MW wose uzarangira mu mpera zuyu mwaka.

Umushinga wa miliyari 4.23 z'Abahinde Rupee amaherezo uzagera ku mazi cyangwa ibigega bikorera urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Ramagundam.Igiciro cyo kureremba PV nacyo kiragabanuka gahoro gahoro, hamwe n’isoko rya RS3.29 kWh ku mushinga wa PV ureremba 150MW ku kigega cya Ridam Hand Reservoir muri leta ya Uttar Pradesh, cyatsinzwe na Shapoorji Palonji Rup na Renew Power.(icyitonderwa: umushinga watinze kubera ibibazo bijyanye na terrain).

Ntabwo aribyo gusa, ahubwo amashanyarazi 60MW yashyizwe mubikorwa kwisi yose muri Singapore.Ni imwe mu mashanyarazi manini areremba ku isi kandi yubatswe ku kigega n’ishami rya Sembcorp Industries ku buso bwa hegitari 45 (hegitari 111).Ku kirwa cya Batam kiri hafi ya Indoneziya, SUNSEAP ikorera muri singapore yatangaje kandi ko ifite gahunda yo gushora miliyari zisaga 2 z'amadolari mu rundi ruganda rwo kubika GW Solar + 2.3.

Muri raporo y’urugendo, ikigo cy’ubutasi cy’isoko Transparency Market Research (T) cyahanuye ko izamuka rikomeye mu 2027, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 43%.Talso yiteze ko guhanga udushya niterambere ryikoranabuhanga bizemeza ko umuvuduko wo gukura wa PV ureremba udatinda.Kongera ikoreshwa rya moderi ya PV ireremba mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nk'Ubuhinde n'Ubushinwa bizakomeza gutera imbere.Hafi ya 40 mubihugu birenga 63 byatangaje imishinga ya PV ireremba isanzwe ifite imwe ikora cyangwa hafi yayo.

Uyu munsi, ubushobozi nyabwo bwashyizweho bwa PV ireremba bugera kuri 3 GW, mugihe ingufu zose zashyizwemo ingufu zizuba zigera kuri 775 GW.Mugihe ibiciro byamashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bikomeje kugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi no gusobanukirwa ikoranabuhanga, PV ireremba ntikiri amahitamo yigihe kizaza, kandi imyaka ya PV ireremba igeze.

Kuki kureremba pv?

Ibyiza byibanze byo kureremba PV birazwi.Iterambere rirashobora kugaragara mubice byubwinshi bwabaturage, cyane cyane aho guhatanira ubutaka buboneka ari byinshi.Uburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde ni urugero.Guhuza PV ireremba kubigega binini byubatswe n’amashanyarazi birashobora kuzana PV ireremba hafi y’ibikorwa remezo byo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi cyangwa gusaba ibigo nk’inganda zitunganya amazi, ikindi cyiza gitera iterambere rya pv ireremba.

Kubera ingaruka zo gukonjesha amazi no kugabanya umukungugu, imishinga ya PV ireremba ifite inyungu zigaragara mukwongera umusaruro.Urebye imyaka 25 yo kubaho, izi nyungu zifasha kuziba icyuho nigiciro cyambere cyingufu zizuba kubutaka, ubusanzwe bingana na 10-15% byikiguzi.

Muri make, PV ireremba igizwe nizuba's imbaraga zidakenewe.Ahantu hamwe, kugirango ushyire ingufu zizuba ryubutaka, ukeneye kubona ubutaka bwinshi, iki nikibazo.Amashanyarazi arashobora gukorwa neza muguhuza nubutunzi buriho, nkamashanyarazi yumuriro cyangwa amashanyarazi.

Ku bijyanye n’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, ikigega gishobora kugabanya ingufu z’amashanyarazi mu masaha y’umunsi, iyo ingufu zituruka ku zuba zitangiye gukoreshwa.Ubwoko bwa mbere bwubatswe muri Porutugali muri 2017 kandi bwashyizweho na EDP.Kuva umusaruro wiyongera uteganijwe, ibitekerezo kugeza ubu byabaye byiza.Bisobanura kandi gride ihamye kandi yizewe mubijyanye nubunini.

Laboratoire y’igihugu ishinzwe kongera ingufu (NREL) ivuga ko ku isi hose hari ibigega bigera ku 380.000 by’amazi meza kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza amashanyarazi areremba hamwe n’ibikorwa by’amashanyarazi bihari.Birumvikana ko isesengura ryuzuye rishobora kwerekana ibigega bimwe bidakwiriye kubera ibibazo bitandukanye, nk’amazi make ndetse n’ibigega bitabika amazi mu gihe cyizuba.Ariko ntagushidikanya ko kubona agace k'umushinga wubwubatsi ntakibazo namba.Ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi hafi ya 7TW, ntibukwiye gusuzugurwa.

Ikibazo cyo kureremba pv

Mubibazo byose byo kureremba PV, igikomeye kirashoboka nukubishyigikira, byaba's igiciro, ikoranabuhanga cyangwa inkunga.Imirasire y'izuba ishingiye ku butaka yakira inkunga nyinshi, ibiciro byo kugaburira n'ibindi.Ariko kimwe“Gutangira”inyungu ntishobora kugerwaho no kureremba PV usibye kwishingikiriza ku bikorera gukora.Amakuru meza nuko ikoranabuhanga rifata vuba, kandi ibibazo byingenzi nkibinyuranyo byibiciro bimaze kugenda mubyerekezo byacungwa.

Ikibazo cyiza

Kubireba imiterere yabyo, PV ireremba bisaba kwitabwaho cyane mugushushanya no kubaka.Nkuko Ushadevi abishimangira, itandukaniro nyamukuru ni uko mu bindi bihugu byateye imbere, guhitamo gushingiye gusa ku byangombwa bya tekiniki, imari ndetse n'icyubahiro.Mu Buhinde, Igiciro nicyo kintu nyamukuru.Abashoramari b'Abahinde hamwe na sosiyete ya EPC bagomba kwitonda cyane muguhitamo ikoranabuhanga.Kugira ngo ibyago bigabanuke, abashinzwe iterambere bagomba kwibanda ku gushakisha ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge, icyiciro cya mbere cya UV stabilisateur, imashini zujuje ubuziranenge zo gukora amagorofa yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, kugenzura ubwiza bw’ubuziranenge, inzira, kugerageza ibishushanyo no kwemeza, no kubona ibisubizo byizewe.”

Sisitemu igiciro cya PV ireremba yiyongereyeho 10-15%, cyane cyane uhereye kumiterere ireremba, sisitemu ya ankoring na mooring sisitemu isabwa kuri sisitemu yo kureremba.Ibiciro by'iterambere bimaze kugabanuka.Sisitemu yo kureremba irerekana imbogamizi zijyanye no gufata ubwato no gutobora, hamwe nimpinduka zishoboka zurwego rwamazi, ubwoko bwigitanda cyibigega, ubujyakuzimu nikirere gikabije nkumuyaga mwinshi hamwe numuraba byiyongera kubiciro byubwubatsi nubwubatsi.

Kuba hafi y’amazi bisobanura kandi kwita cyane ku micungire y’umugozi no gupima insulasi kuruta ku butaka, cyane cyane iyo umugozi uhuye n’amazi.Ikindi kintu ni umuvuduko uhoraho hamwe nubukanishi kubice byimuka byikimera kireremba PV.Sisitemu idateguwe neza kandi ikomezwa irashobora kunanirwa bikabije.Ibikoresho bya Flotation nabyo byugarijwe no kunanirwa no kwangirika biturutse kubushuhe, cyane cyane mubidukikije bikabije.PV modules ishoboye gukorera ahantu habi mumyaka 25 igomba guhitamo ukoresheje ubuziranenge bukwiye.Uruhare rwa ankore ni ugukwirakwiza umutwaro wumuyaga numuraba, kugabanya umuvuduko wizinga ryizuba, no kwirinda ibyago byo gukubita inkombe cyangwa gutwarwa numuyaga.Ubushakashatsi bunini bwa tekiniki burasabwa gusuzuma ikirwa gikwiye hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera, uburyo rusange bwa tekiniki hamwe nubucuruzi bwumushinga.

Guhanura igihe kirekire

NREL ivuga ko ku isi hari ibigega 379068 by’amazi meza y’amazi meza ashobora kwakira ibimera bifotora bifotora hamwe n’ibisanzweho.Ibigega bimwe birashobora kuba byumye mugice cyumwaka, cyangwa ubundi ntibikwiriye kureremba PV, bityo amakuru menshi yo gutoranya urubuga arakenewe mbere yuko umushinga ushyirwa mubikorwa.Inyungu nini yo kureremba PV nuko idafata umwanya wubutaka bwagaciro, bufite akamaro kanini mubuhinde.Twabonye imishinga yibasiwe n’amakimbirane ashingiye ku butaka hagati y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y’izuba n’ibibazo bijyanye n’ubutaka bwo kurisha ndetse n’ahantu hatuwe na bustard ikomeye mu Buhinde.Ku bijyanye no kubaka amashanyarazi areremba hejuru y’ibigega by’amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwiyongereye bushobora gufasha kwirinda ibibazo bimwe na bimwe by’imishinga iteganijwe.Urugero rumwe ni umushinga wa Tapovan mu karere ka Chamoli muri NTPC muri Uttarakhand, uherutse kwangizwa cyane n’umwuzure w’amazi.Umushinga urenze imyaka 10 inyuma yigihe giteganijwe, utwara inshuro zirenga eshanu igereranyo cyambere, kandi umushinga uteganijwe winzuzi ushobora kubyara amashanyarazi byoroshye muri sosiyete's imishinga myinshi ireremba ifotora mumashanyarazi.

Ushadevi wa Ciel Et Terre yemeza:'kubera ubuke bwubutaka, ibibazo byamategeko namakimbirane yo kwamburwa ubutaka no gutinda kutagira umupaka kwimurwa, PV ireremba nigisubizo cyiza.Urebye ubuke bw'amazi, guhumeka kw'amazi, ikibazo cy'ubutaka, hamwe n'uruhande rwiza rwo kubona amazi menshi aboneka, tuzi neza ko Ubuhinde's icyifuzo cyo kureremba PV cyarageze.Twizera ko ibisubizo bireremba bizaba imwe mumbaraga nyamukuru zitera inganda za PV kandi dufite intego yo guteza imbere ibisubizo byikoranabuhanga bya 1GW Hydrelio mubuhinde mumyaka 2-3 iri imbere.”

Kugira ngo agaragaze igitekerezo cye, atanga urugero rwa Burengerazuba bwa Burengerazuba.“Mubihe byashize, twarebye imishinga myinshi yo muri burengerazuba bwa burengerazuba dutekereza ko Bengal yuburengerazuba ifite amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere imishinga yifotora.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwamazi muri Bengal yuburengerazuba, harimo ingomero, kuhira cyangwa ibyuzi byo gutunganya amazi.Ibi nibyiza kumishinga ireremba.Ni nako bimeze muri Kerala, ahari amazi menshi.”

Kugeza ubu, imishinga yose yubatswe ku mazi meza cyangwa ku byuzi byafashwe mpiri, ariko sibyo't bivuze's bidashoboka mu nyanja.Ciel Terre Tayiwani iherutse gushyira ahagaragara 88MWP's Umushinga wa Changbin, umushinga munini wamazi yinyanja.Ibi bisaba isosiyete gufatanya na Principia.Principia nisosiyete ikora offshore iteza imbere kandi igashyira mubikorwa ibisubizo bidahenze hamwe nibishushanyo mbonera byumuyaga nizuba.

Birakwiye ko tumenya ko nabitabiriye cyane kuva kera basabye ko ibi bimera bitubakwa ku biyaga bisanzwe n’andi mazi y’amazi.Amasosiyete avuga ko atagomba gufata ibyago adafite uburambe bwigihe kirekire bwo kureremba PV, bishobora kugira ingaruka kumushinga.Muri icyo gihe, tugomba kwirinda amakimbirane n’abarobyi'imibereho.Gupfukirana ibyuzi bisanzwe hamwe na flotsam bivuze ko hari urumuri rwizuba ruke kugirango algae ikure, bigabanya uburabyo bwa algal.Umwuka utegerejweho kugabanuka kuko igice kinini cyumubiri wamazi kizaba gitwikiriwe cyangwa gitwikiriwe nibimera bigenda bifotora.Biteganijwe ko urumuri n'ubushyuhe bizagabanuka, n'ikigega'ubuzima bwamazi bukeneye impirimbanyi nshya.Duhitamo gukoresha amazi yakozwe n'abantu kuko adafite ingaruka nke mubuzima bwamazi.

Umwanzuro

Niba uzirikana imyaka yinganda nini nini zubatswe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, PV ireremba igeze kure mugihe gito cyane.Ibyo bivuze ko dukeneye kwitonda mbere yo gutanga ibitekerezo binini no guhanura, ariko birasa nkigisubizo gishobora kuziba icyuho gikomeye mumashanyarazi akomoka kumirasire y'izuba.Bizanabika ubutaka ndetse binemerera ikigega gutanga amafaranga menshi.Mugihe imishinga myinshi yamashanyarazi igura amafaranga arenga 3.5 kuri kilowati, cyangwa niyo irenga amafaranga 6 kuri kilowati, hariho impamvu zifatika zo kujya impaka zirwanya PV ireremba kubera igiciro cyayo.

Wibande ku kwigira ku ntsinzi yambere ya PV ireremba, ishobora kutangiza ibidukikije kuruta amashanyarazi, mvugishije ukuri, idakora neza mubuhinde mumyaka yashize.Solarop Solar, nubwo yatewe inkunga cyane, ntabwo ikora neza.Kimwe n'izuba rusange, leta zigomba kumenya neza ko PV ireremba idakora'ntugende inzira yizuba hejuru.Kugirango habeho iterambere nyaryo muri uyu mushinga, kutagira isuzuma ryimbitse ry’amazi, amakuru yogejwe n’ubutaka n’ibindi bibazo bya tekiniki n’ibidukikije bigomba gukemurwa byihutirwa.Urugero rumwe ni iherezo ryumushinga wa Rihand Nini Urugomero, wagize ibibazo kubera ubumenyi buke bwubutaka no kubura amakuru.

Floating PV itanga kandi amahirwe nyayo yo gushiraho imishinga yizuba ikomeye cyane muri leta zose zUbuhinde, cyane cyane muburasirazuba bwu Buhinde.