2021-08-06
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, i-solar ibiwumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo.Eminyakeni eyi-10 nje, amandla elanga abe inketho ephakeme kakhulu.Manje, yona'sekuyisikhathi sokucabangela ukukhuphuka kwe-pv entantayo.Cabanga ngakho.Ngaphambi kuka-2013, amaseli e-photovoltaic antantayo enza'ngize ngibe khona.
Ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala le-PV entantayo lafakwa ngo-2008. Ngo-2006, uchwepheshe we-photovoltaic ontantayo u-Ciel et Terre, ozinze e-Lille, e-France, waqala ukuphusha lo mbono.
Ngo-2007, isiteshi sikagesi esincane esingu-175KW sakhiwa echibini eliseFar Niente, umkhiqizi wewayini waseNapa Valle, ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zamandla futhi kugwenywe ukudliwa komhlaba.Inzuzo ephezulu ingenziwa ngokutshala imivini emhlabathini.
Uhlelo lokuqala oluhlelekile lwe-PV oluntantayo lwakhiwa e-Aichi Prefecture, e-Japan, ngo-2007. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe amaningi abone ukuvela kwezitshalo ezincane ngaphansi kwezinga le-megawatt, ikakhulukazi eFrance, e-Italy, eNingizimu Korea, eSpain nase-United States, okuyinto zisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ucwaningo kanye nemiboniso.Khumbula ukuthi ngisho ne“Okuvamile”izindleko zamandla elanga azikwazi ukugcinwa ngalesi sikhathi futhi zingafinyelelwa kuphela ngezintela eziphanayo zokuphakelayo kanye noxhaso oluqondile.
Sikhethe i-PV entantayo ngoba izindaba ezimayelana nalo mkhakha omusha azange zime kusukela ngenyanga edlule.Okokuqala ukuthi i-NTPC isebenzise isiteshi samandla esintantayo se-photovoltaic esingu-10MW ku-NTPC.'s I-Simhadari Thermal Power Plant Reservoir.Lesi sitshalo saba yiNdiya kalula's ngobukhulu ensimini, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside.U-Ciel Et Terre wabe esevula isiteshi esingu-5.4 MW eSagardighi eNtshonalanga Bengal, esokuqala salolu hlobo endaweni yokuphehla ugesi oshisayo.
Lokho'akusikho konke.Ngesikhathi ufunda le ndaba, i-NTPC kungenzeka ukuthi isisungule enye yase-India'izitshalo ezinkulu ze-PV ezintantayo, indawo yokuphehla amandla e-PV entantayo engu-100 MW ehlelelwe isigaba sokuqala eTelangana.Ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlelo bekulindeleke ukuthi luqale ngoMeyi, kodwa ngenxa yesifo esisha somqhele, manje sesizoqalwa ngezigaba, isigaba ngasinye silinganiselwa ku-15MW, kanti wonke lo mklamo ongu-100MW uzophothulwa ekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
Iphrojekthi ye-Indian Rupee eyizigidigidi ezingu-4.23 izogcina ihlanganise izikhungo zamanzi noma amadamu ahlinzeka ngeSikhungo Samandla Esishisayo sase-Ramagundam.Izindleko ze-PV entantayo nazo zehla kancane kancane, ngebhidi engu-RS3.29 kWh yephrojekthi ye-PV entantayo engu-150MW e-Ridam Hand Reservoir esifundazweni sase-Uttar Pradesh, ewinwe nguShapoorji Palonji Rup kanye ne-Renew Power.(qaphela: iphrojekthi ibambezelekile ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlobene nendawo).
Akugcinanga lapho, kodwa nesiteshi sikagesi esingu-60MW sesiqalile ukusebenza emhlabeni wonke eSingapore.Ingesinye seziteshi zikagesi ezintantayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni futhi yakhiwe phezu kwechibi inkampani engaphansi kweSembcorp Industries endaweni engamahektha angama-45 (amahektha ayi-111).Esiqhingini esiseduze saseBatam e-Indonesia, i-SUNSEAP ese-singapore iphinde yamemezela izinhlelo zokutshala imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi kwesinye isitshalo se-2.3 GW Solar + sokugcina.
Embikweni kaMashi, inkampani yezobunhloli beMakethe iTransparency Market Research (T) yabikezela ukukhula okuqinile ngo-2027, ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka lama-43%.I-Talso ilindele ukuthi ukuqamba okusha kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhula kwe-PV esintantayo akunciphi.Ukwemukelwa okwengeziwe kwamamojula e-PV antantayo emazweni asathuthuka njenge-India ne-China kuzothuthukisa ukukhula.Cishe amazwe angama-40 kwangaphezu kuka-63 amemezele amaphrojekthi e-PV antantayo asenayo eyodwa esebenzayo noma aseduze nawo.
Namuhla, umthamo wangempela ofakiwe we-PV entantayo usondele ku-3 GW, kuyilapho inani elifakiwe lamandla elanga liseduze ne-775 GW.Njengoba izindleko zamandla elanga ziqhubeka nokuhla ngezinga elikhulayo nokuqonda okwengeziwe kobuchwepheshe, i-PV entantayo ayiseyona inketho yesikhathi esizayo, futhi iminyaka ye-PV entantayo isifikile.
Izinzuzo eziyisisekelo ze-PV ezintantayo zaziwa kahle.Inqubekelaphambili ibonakala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuncintisana komhlaba otholakalayo kushubile.I-East India iyisibonelo salokhu.Ukuxhumanisa i-PV entantayo namadamu amakhulu akhelwe ukuphehlwa kwamanzi kungaletha i-PV entantayo eduze nengqalasizinda ekhona yokudluliswa kwamandla noma ukufuna izikhungo ezifana nezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi, enye inzuzo eqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-pv entantayo.
Ngenxa yomphumela wokupholisa wamanzi nokuncipha kothuli, amaphrojekthi e-PV antantayo anezinzuzo ezisobala ekwandiseni ukuphuma kwamandla.Ngokwesisekelo sobude bokuphila kweminyaka engu-25, lezi zinzuzo zisiza ukuvala igebe ngezindleko zokuqala zamandla elanga phansi, ngokuvamile okubalelwa ku-10-15 wamaphesenti ezindleko.
Kalula nje, i-PV entantayo yenza i-solar'Izidingo zamandla ezingakafinyeleli.Kwezinye izindawo, ukuze ufake umhlabathi amandla elanga, kudingeka bathole indawo eningi, lokhu kuyinkinga.Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kungenziwa kusebenze kahle kakhulu ngokukuhlanganisa nezinsiza ezikhona, njengezitshalo zamandla ashisayo noma izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Endabeni yeziteshi zamandla kagesi ngamanzi, ichibi linganciphisa amandla kagesi ngamanzi phakathi namahora aphakeme kakhulu osuku, lapho amandla elanga eqala ukusebenza.Eyokuqala yohlobo lwayo yakhiwa ePortugal ngo-2017 futhi yafakwa yi-EDP.Njengoba ukukhula komkhiqizo kubikezelwa, impendulo kuze kube manje ibe mihle.Kusho futhi ukuzinza okukhulu kwegridi nokwethembeka ngokwesilinganiso.
I-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ilinganisela ukuthi cishe kunezindawo zokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile ezingu-380,000 emhlabeni wonke ezinamandla okuhlanganisa izinsiza ezintantayo ze-photovoltaic kanye nezikhona ezivele ziphehlwa ngamanzi.Yiqiniso, ukuhlola okuphelele kungase kwembule amachibi athile angafaneleki ngenxa yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene, njengamazinga aphansi amanzi ngisho namachibi angawagcini amanzi ngenkathi eyomile.Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi ukuthola indawo yokwakha akuyona inkinga nhlobo.Amandla okukhiqiza amandla angaba ngu-7TW, okungafanele athathwe kancane.
Kuzo zonke izinselelo ze-PV entantayo, enkulu kungenzeka kube ukuthi ngubani ozoyisekela, noma ngabe's izindleko, ubuchwepheshe noma uxhaso lwezimali.Iziteshi zikagesi welanga ezisekelwe phansi zithola uxhaso oluningi, amanani okuphakelayo nokunye okwengeziwe.Kodwa okufanayo“Qalisa”izinzuzo azikwazi ukuzuzwa nge-PV entantayo ngaphandle kokuthembela kumkhakha ozimele ukuthi usebenze.Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha, futhi izindaba ezibalulekile ezifana nokwehluka kwezindleko sezivele zihamba ngendlela elawulekayo.
Ngokuqondene nemvelo yayo, i-PV entantayo idinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni.Njengoba u-Ushadevi egomela, umehluko omkhulu wukuthi kwamanye amazwe athuthukile, ukukhetha kusekelwe kuphela emininingwaneni yezobuchwepheshe, amandla kanye nedumela.E-India, Intengo iyisici esiyinhloko.Abathuthukisi baseNdiya nezinkampani ze-EPC kufanele baqaphe kakhulu ekukhetheni kwabo ubuchwepheshe.Ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi, abathuthukisi kufanele bagxile ekutholeni izinto zokusetshenziswa zekhwalithi ephezulu, iziqinisi ze-UV zesigaba sokuqala, imishini yekhwalithi ephezulu yokukhiqiza izinto ezintantayo zekhwalithi ephezulu, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, izinqubo, ukuhlolwa komklamo nokuqinisekisa, kanye nokuthola izixazululo ezinokwethenjelwa.”
Izindleko zesistimu ye-PV entantayo inyuke ngo-10-15%, ikakhulukazi kusukela ezakhiweni ezintantayo, ama-anchoring kanye nezinhlelo zokubopha ezidingekayo ohlelweni oluntantayo.Izindleko zentuthuko sezivele zehla.Amasistimu antantayo aletha izinselele ezithile ezihlobene nokumiswa kwehange nokubopha, kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona emazingeni amanzi, izinhlobo zemibhede yamachibi, ukujula kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu ezifana nemimoya enamandla namagagasi anezela ezindlekweni zobunjiniyela nezokwakha.
Ukuba seduze namanzi kusho futhi ukunaka kakhulu ukuphathwa kwekhebula nokuhlola ukufakwa kwamanzi kunasezweni, ikakhulukazi uma ikhebula lihlangana namanzi.Esinye isici ingcindezi eqhubekayo yokungqubuzana nemishini ezingxenyeni ezihambayo zesitshalo se-PV esintantayo.Isistimu eklanywe kabi futhi inakekelwe ingahluleka ngendlela eyingozi.Imishini yokuntanta nayo isengcupheni yokwehluleka kanye nokugqwala okuvela kumswakama, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini ezinolaka kakhulu.Amamojula e-PV akwazi ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinokhahlo iminyaka engu-25 kufanele akhethwe kusetshenziswa izindinganiso zekhwalithi ezifanele.Indima ye-anchoring ukusabalalisa umthwalo womoya namagagasi, ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwesiqhingi selanga, futhi ugweme ingozi yokushaya usebe noma ukushaywa umoya yisiphepho.Kudingeka izifundo ezibanzi zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuhlolwe isiqhingi esifanele kanye nomklamo wehange, ukuba nokwenzeka okuphelele kobuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza kwezentengiselwano kwephrojekthi.
I-NREL ilinganisela ukuthi kunamachibi amanzi ahlanzekile ngamanzi ahlanzekile angu-379068 emhlabeni jikelele angakwazi ukuhlalisa izitshalo ze-photovoltaic ezintantayo eduze nalezo ezikhona.Amanye amachibi angase ome ingxenye yonyaka, noma angafaneleki i-PV entantayo, ngakho-ke kudingeka idatha eyengeziwe yokukhetha indawo ngaphambi kokuthi iphrojekthi iqaliswe.Inzuzo enkulu ye-PV entantayo ukuthi ayithathi indawo ebalulekile yomhlabathi, okubaluleke kakhulu eNdiya.Sibone amaphrojekthi athintwa izingxabano zomhlaba phakathi kwezitshalo zikagesi welanga kanye nezindaba ezihlobene namadlelo kanye nendawo yokuhlala ye-Great bustard eNdiya.Uma kuziwa ekwakhiweni kwamayunithi antantayo e-photovoltaic kumachibi ephrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, ukwanda komthamo kungasiza empeleni ukugwema ezinye zezinkinga zamaphrojekthi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ahleliwe.Isibonelo esisodwa iphrojekthi ye-Tapovan esifundeni sase-Chamoli se-NTPC e-Uttarakhand, esanda kuthola umonakalo omkhulu ngenxa yezikhukhula.Le phrojekthi isalele emuva ngeminyaka eyi-10, ibiza izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesihlanu kunesilinganiso sokuqala, kanti iphrojekthi yomfula ehleliwe ingaphehla ugesi kalula ngokusebenzisa inkampani.'amaphrojekthi amaningi antantayo e-photovoltaic endaweni yokugcina amanzi.
Ushadevi we-Ciel Et Terre uthi:'ngenxa yokushoda komhlaba, izindaba zomthetho nezingxabano zokudliwa komhlaba kanye nokubambezeleka okungapheli kokudliwa komhlaba, i-PV entantayo iyisixazululo esiphelele.Uma kubhekwa ukushoda kwamanzi, ukuhwamuka kwamanzi, inkinga yomhlaba, kanye nohlangothi oluhle lokuba namanzi amaningi atholakalayo, siqinisekile ukuthi iNdiya'Isidingo se-PV esintantayo sesifikile ekugcineni.Sikholelwa ukuthi izixazululo ezintantayo zizoba ngenye yamandla okushayela embonini ye-PV futhi sihlose ukuthuthukisa izixazululo zobuchwepheshe be-1GW Hydrelio eNdiya eminyakeni engu-2-3 ezayo.”
Ukuze acacise iphuzu lakhe, ucaphuna isibonelo saseNtshonalanga Bengal.“Esikhathini esidlule, sibheke amaphrojekthi amaningi eNtshonalanga Bengal futhi sacabanga ukuthi i-West Bengal inamandla amakhulu okuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi we-photovoltaic.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemithombo yamanzi eNtshonalanga Bengal, okuhlanganisa amadamu, ukuchelela noma amachibi okuhlanza amanzi.Lezi zilungele amaphrojekthi antantayo.Kungokufanayo naseKerala, lapho kunamanzi amaningi.”
Kuze kube manje, wonke amaphrojekthi akhiwe emanzini ahlanzekile noma emachibini avalelwe, kodwa lokho akwenzeki'ngiqonde's akunakwenzeka olwandle.I-Ciel Terre Taiwan isanda kwethula i-88MWP's iphrojekthi ye-Changbin, iphrojekthi enkulu kunayo yonke yamanzi olwandle.Lokhu kudinga inkampani ukuthi ibambisane ne-Principia.I-Principia yinkampani eyinhloko ye-offshore ethuthukisa futhi isebenzise izixazululo ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nemiklamo ehlanganisiwe yomoya namagagasi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nabahlanganyeli abakhuthele kakhulu kudala bebiza ukuthi lezi zitshalo zingakhiwe emachibini emvelo nakweminye imizimba yamanzi.Izinkampani zithi zingafaki ubungozi ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi eside kwe-PV entantayo, okungaba nomthelela kuphrojekthi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele sigweme izingxabano nabadobi's ukuziphilisa.Ukumboza amachibi emvelo nge-flotsam kusho ukuthi kunokukhanya kwelanga okuncane okutholakalayo ukuze ulwelwe lukhule, okunciphisa ukuqhakaza kwe-algal.Ukuhwamuka kulindeleke ukuthi kunciphe njengoba ingxenye enkulu yamanzi izombozwa noma isithwe izitshalo ze-photovoltaic ezintantayo.Ukukhanya nokushisa kulindeleke ukuba kwehle, kanye nedamu'Impilo yasemanzini idinga ibhalansi entsha.Sincamela ukusebenzisa amanzi enziwe abantu ngoba anomthelela omncane empilweni yasemanzini.
Uma ucabangela iminyaka yezitshalo ezinkulu zamandla ezakhiwe kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe, i-PV entantayo ihambe indlela ende ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.Lokho kusho ukuthi kudingeka siqaphe ngaphambi kokucabangela izinto ezinkulu nezibikezelo, kodwa kubukeka njengesixazululo esingavala igebe elibalulekile ekuphehleni amandla elanga.Izophinde yonge umhlaba futhi ivumele nedamu ukuthi linikeze imali eyengeziwe.Nakuba amaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi abiza ngaphezu kwama-rupee angu-3.5 i-kWh ngayinye, noma ngisho nangaphezu kwama-rupee angu-6 i-kWh ngayinye, kunezizathu ezizwakalayo zokuphikisana ne-PV entantayo ngenxa yezindleko zayo.
Gxila ekufundeni ezimpumelelweni zokuqala ze-PV entantayo, engase ingalimazi kangako imvelo kunomandla ophehlwa ngamanzi, okuyiqiniso, engasebenzi kahle e-India eminyakeni yamuva.I-Rooftop Solar, nakuba ixhaswa kakhulu, ayisebenzi kahle.Njengelanga elijwayelekile, ohulumeni badinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi i-PV entantayo ayikwenzi lokho't uhambe ngendlela yelanga elisophahleni.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe inqubekelaphambili yangempela kulo msebenzi, ukuntuleka kokuhlolwa kokujula kwemithombo yamanzi, idatha ye-topographic bathymetric kanye nezinye izinkinga zobuchwepheshe nezemvelo kufanele kubhekwane nazo ngokushesha.Isibonelo esisodwa isiphetho sephrojekthi ye-Rihand Large Dam, eyangena enkingeni ngenxa yolwazi olulinganiselwe ngendawo kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi.
I-PV entantayo iphinde inikeze ithuba langempela lokufaka amaphrojekthi elanga abaluleke ngempela kuzo zonke izifundazwe zaseNdiya, ikakhulukazi empumalanga ye-India.
I-Dongguan Slocable Photovoltaic Technology Co.,LTD.
Engeza:Guangda Manufacturing Hongmei Science and Technology Park, No. 9-2, Hongmei Section, Wangsha Road, Hongmei Town, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
TEL:0769-22010201
