2021-08-06
Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, isola ibingumthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo.Kwiminyaka nje ye-10, amandla elanga abe lukhetho oluphezulu.Ngoku, yona'Lixesha lokuqwalasela ukunyuka kwe-pv edadayo.Ycinge.Ngaphambi kwe-2013, iiseli ze-photovoltaic ezidadayo azizange'ndikhona.
Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lokuqala le-PV edadayo lafakwa ngo-2008. Ngo-2006, ingcaphephe ye-photovoltaic edadayo u-Ciel et Terre, ozinze e-Lille, eFransi, waqala ukutyhala lo mbono.
Ngo-2007, isikhululo samandla sorhwebo esincinci se-175KW sakhiwa echibini eFar Niente, umvelisi wewayini waseNapa Valle, ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla kunye nokuphepha ukuhluthwa komhlaba.Ingeniso ephezulu inokwenziwa ngokutyala imidiliya emhlabeni.
Inkqubo yokuqala esesikweni yePV edadayo yakhiwa e-Aichi Prefecture, eJapan, ngo-2007. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe amaninzi abone ukuvela kwezityalo ezincinci ngaphantsi kwenqanaba le-megawatt, ngakumbi eFransi, eItali, eMzantsi Korea, eSpain naseUnited States. zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu uphando kunye nomboniso.Gcina ukhumbule ukuba nokuba i“Okuqhelekileyo”iindleko zamandla elanga azinakugcinwa ngeli xesha kwaye zinokufezekiswa kuphela ngeentlawulo zesisa kunye neenkxaso-mali ezithe ngqo.
Sikhethe i-PV edadayo kuba iindaba malunga nale ndawo intsha azikayeki ukusukela kwinyanga ephelileyo.Eyokuqala yeyokuba i-NTPC igunyazise isikhululo samandla esidadayo esiyi-10MW kwi-NTPC.'s Simhadari Thermal Power Plant Reservoir.Isityalo ngokulula saba yiIndiya's inkulu endle, kodwa hayi ixesha elide.Emva koko uCiel Et Terre wavula isikhululo se-5.4 MW eSagardighi eWest Bengal, esokuqala sohlobo lwaso kwisikhululo samandla obushushu.
Oko'asiyiyo yonke.Ngexesha ufunda eli bali, i-NTPC inokuba sele isungule elinye laseIndiya'Ezona zityalo zikhulu zePV ezidadayo, iziko lombane le-PV elidadayo eli-100 MW elicwangciselwe isigaba sokuqala eTelangana.Ukwakhiwa kwale projekthi bekucwangciselwe ukuqala ngoMeyi, kodwa ngenxa yesifo esitsha sesithsaba, ngoku iza kuqaliswa ngokwezigaba, inqanaba ngalinye malunga ne-15MW, kwaye yonke iprojekthi ye-100MW iya kugqitywa ekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
Iprojekthi ye-4.23 yeebhiliyoni zeeRupee zaseIndiya iya kuthi ekugqibeleni igubungele iziseko zamanzi okanye amadama anikezela iRamagundam Thermal Power Plant.Iindleko zePV edadayo nazo ziyehla ngokuthe ngcembe, ngexabiso le-RS3.29 kWh leprojekthi ye-PV edadayo eyi-150MW eRidam Hand Reservoir kwiphondo lase-Uttar Pradesh, iphumelele nguShapoorji Palonji Rup kunye noHlaziyo lwaMandla.(qaphela: iprojekthi ilibazisekile ngenxa yeengxaki ezinxulumene nomhlaba).
Ayiphelelanga apho, kodwa isikhululo sombane esingama-60MW siqalisiwe ukusebenza kwihlabathi jikelele eSingapore.Sesinye sezikhululo zamandla ezidadayo zikhulu ehlabathini kwaye sakhiwe kwindawo yokugcina amanzi yinkampani encedisayo yeSembcorp Industries kummandla oziihektare ezingama-45 (111 hektare).Kwisiqithi esikufutshane saseBatam e-Indonesia, i-Singapore-based SUNSEAP iphinde yazisa izicwangciso zokutshala imali engaphezulu kwe-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwenye indawo yokugcina i-2.3 GW Solar +.
Kwingxelo kaMatshi, inkampani yobuntlola kwiMarike iTransparency Market Research (T) iqikelele ukukhula olomeleleyo ngo-2027, ngesantya sokukhula sonyaka esiyi-43%.I-Talso ilindele ukuba ukusungulwa kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji iya kuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhula kwe-PV edadayo akucothi.Ukwamkelwa okwandisiweyo kweemodyuli zePV ezidadayo kumazwe asaphuhlayo anjengeIndiya neTshayina kuya kuqhubela phambili ukukhula.Phantse i-40 kumazwe angaphezu kwama-63 abhengeze iiprojekthi ze-PV ezidadayo sele zinenye esebenzayo okanye ekufutshane nayo.
Namhlanje, olona luhlu lufakiweyo lwe-PV edadayo lusondele kwi-3 GW, ngelixa inani elifakiweyo lamandla elanga lisondele kwi-775 GW.Njengoko iindleko zamandla elanga ziqhubeka nokuwa kunye nokwanda komlinganiselo kunye nokuqonda okukhulu kwethekhnoloji, i-PV edadayo ayiseyiyo inketho yexesha elizayo, kwaye iminyaka ye-PV edadayo ifikile.
Iinzuzo ezisisiseko zePV edadayo zaziwa kakuhle.Inkqubela-phambili inokubonwa kwiindawo ezinoxinano olukhulu lwabemi, ngakumbi apho ukhuphiswano lomhlaba okhoyo lumandla.I-East India ingumzekelo woko.Ukunxulumanisa i-PV edadayo kumadama amakhulu akhelwe umbane wamanzi kunokuzisa i-PV edadayo kufutshane neziseko zokuhambisa umbane ezikhoyo okanye kumaziko emfuno afana nezityalo zokucoca amanzi, enye inzuzo eqhuba uphuhliso lwe-pv edadayo.
Ngenxa yesiphumo sokupholisa kwamanzi kunye nokuncitshiswa kothuli, iiprojekthi ze-PV ezidadayo zineenzuzo ezicacileyo ekwandiseni imveliso yamandla.Kwisiseko seminyaka engama-25 yokuphila, ezi zibonelelo zinceda ukuvala i-gap kunye neendleko zokuqala zamandla elanga emhlabeni, ngokuqhelekileyo i-akhawunti ye-10-15 yeepesenti yeendleko.
Ngamafutshane, i-PV edadayo yenza i-solar'Iimfuno zamandla ezingafezekiyo.Kwezinye iindawo, ukuze ufakele umhlaba amandla elanga, kufuneka ufumane umhlaba omninzi, le yingxaki.Ukuveliswa kwamandla kunokwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokudibanisa nemithombo ekhoyo, efana nezityalo zamandla ashushu okanye izityalo zombane.
Kwimeko yezikhululo zamandla ombane owenziwe ngamanzi, indawo yokugcina amanzi inokunciphisa amandla ombane ngexesha leeyure eziphakamileyo zemini, xa umbane welanga ungena.Eyokuqala yohlobo lwayo yakhiwe ePortugal ngo-2017 kwaye yafakwa yi-EDP.Njengoko ukukhula kwemveliso kuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, impendulo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ibe ntle.Kwakhona kuthetha ukuzinza okukhulu kwegridi kunye nokuthembeka ngokubhekiselele kwisikali.
I-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) iqikelela ukuba kukho malunga nama-380,000 amadama amanzi acocekileyo emhlabeni jikelele anamandla okudibanisa i-photovoltaic edadayo kunye nezibonelelo zamanzi ezikhoyo.Kakade ke, uhlolisiso oluphangaleleyo lusenokutyhila amadama athile angafanelekanga ngenxa yeengxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengomlinganiselo ophantsi wamanzi kwanemithombo yamanzi engawagciniyo amanzi ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo.Kodwa alithandabuzeki elokuba ukufumana indawo yeprojekthi yokwakha akuyongxaki kwaphela.Amandla okuvelisa amandla anokubakho aphantse abe yi-7TW, engafanelanga kujongelwa phantsi.
Kuyo yonke imingeni ye-PV edadayo, eyona inkulu inokwenzeka ukuba ngubani oza kuyixhasa, nokuba ngaba's iindleko, iteknoloji okanye imali.Izikhululo zamandla elanga ezisekwe emhlabeni zifumana inkxaso-mali eninzi, amaxabiso okutya kunye nokunye.Kodwa kuyafana“Ukuqala eqala”izibonelelo azinakufikelelwa ngokudada kwi-PV ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwicandelo labucala ukuba lisebenze.Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba iteknoloji ibamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imiba ephambili efana nokwahluka kweendleko sele ihamba ngendlela elawulekayo.
Ngokubhekiselele kubume bayo, i-PV edadayo ifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngakumbi kuyilo nolwakhiwo.Njengoko u-Ushadevi eqinisekisa, umahluko omkhulu kukuba kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo, ukhetho lusekelwe kuphela kwiimpawu zobugcisa, ukuxhaswa ngemali kunye nodumo.EIndiya, Ixabiso lelona nqaku liphambili.Abaphuhlisi baseIndiya kunye neenkampani ze-EPC kufuneka balumke kakhulu ekukhetheni kwabo itekhnoloji.Ukunciphisa umngcipheko, abaphuhlisi kufuneka bagxininise ekufumaneni izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, i-UV stabilizers yeklasi yokuqala, oomatshini abakumgangatho ophezulu wokuvelisa iiflethi ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekiswa komgangatho, iinkqubo, uvavanyo loyilo kunye nokuqinisekiswa, kunye nokufumana izisombululo ezithembekileyo.”
Iindleko zenkqubo ye-PV edadayo iye yanda nge-10-15%, ngokukodwa ukusuka kwizakhiwo ezidadayo, i-anchoring kunye neenkqubo zokuxhoma ezifunekayo kwinkqubo yokudada.Iindleko zophuhliso sele zisehla.Iinkqubo ezidadayo zinika imingeni ethile enxulumene ne-ankile kunye nokuxhoma, kunye notshintsho olunokwenzeka kumanqanaba amanzi, iintlobo zebhedi zamadama, ubunzulu kunye neemeko zemozulu ezimandundu ezifana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla namaza ongeza kwiindleko zobunjineli nezokwakha.
Ukuba kufutshane namanzi kukwathetha ukunika ingqwalasela ethe kratya kulawulo lweentambo zombane kunye novavanyo lokugquma kwamanzi kunasemhlabeni, ngakumbi xa intambo idibana namanzi.Omnye umba luxinzelelo olungagungqiyo kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini kwiindawo ezihambayo zesityalo esidadayo sePV.Inkqubo eyilwe kakubi kwaye igcinwe kakuhle inokusilela ngokuyingozi.Izixhobo zokubhabha zikwasemngciphekweni wokungaphumeleli kunye nokudleka kokufuma, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezindlongondlongo zonxweme.Iimodyuli ze-PV ezikwazi ukusebenza kwiindawo ezinzima iminyaka engama-25 kufuneka zikhethwe ngokusebenzisa imigangatho efanelekileyo yomgangatho.Indima ye-anchoring kukusasaza umthwalo womoya kunye namaza, ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwesiqithi selanga, kwaye ugweme umngcipheko wokubetha elunxwemeni okanye ukuvuthelwa sisaqhwithi.Uphononongo olubanzi lobugcisa luyafuneka ukuhlola isiqithi esifanelekileyo kunye noyilo lweankile, ukuba nokwenzeka kobugcisa ngokubanzi kunye nempumelelo yorhwebo yeprojekthi.
I-NREL iqikelela ukuba kukho ama-379068 amanzi acwengileyo ombane asetyenzisiweyo kwihlabathi liphela anokwamkela izityalo ezidadayo ze-photovoltaic ecaleni kwezi sele zikhona.Amanye amadama angomile kangangenxalenye yonyaka, okanye kungenjalo ayifanelekanga kwi-PV edadayo, ngoko ke idatha yokukhetha indawo eninzi iyafuneka ngaphambi kokuba iprojekthi iphunyezwe.Olona ncedo lukhulu lwePV edadayo kukuba ayithathi ndawo ibalulekileyo yomhlaba, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu eIndiya.Siye sabona iiprojekthi ezichatshazelwa kukungquzulana komhlaba phakathi kwezityalo zamandla elanga kunye nemiba enxulumene namadlelo kunye nendawo yokuhlala ye-bustard enkulu eIndiya.Xa kuziwa kulwakhiwo lweeyunithi ezidadayo ze-photovoltaic kwimithombo yeprojekthi yombane wamanzi, ukonyuka komthamo kunokunceda ukunqanda ezinye zeengxaki zeeprojekthi zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ezicwangcisiweyo.Omnye umzekelo yiprojekthi yeTapovan kwisithili saseChamoli se-NTPC e-Uttarakhand, esandula ukuba nomonakalo omkhulu ngenxa yezikhukhula.Le projekthi ineminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 emva kweshedyuli, ixabisa ngaphezu kwesihlanu uqikelelo lokuqala, kwaye iprojekthi yomlambo ecetywayo inokuvelisa umbane ngokulula ngenkampani.'Iiprojekthi ezininzi ezidadayo ze-photovoltaic kwindawo yokugcina amanzi.
Ushadevi waseCiel Et Terre uthi:'ngenxa yokunqongophala komhlaba, imiba yomthetho kunye neengxabano zokuhluthwa komhlaba kunye nokulibaziseka okungapheliyo kokuhluthwa, i-PV edadayo isisombululo esifanelekileyo.Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi, ukuguquka kwamanzi, ingxaki yomhlaba, kunye necala elihle lokuba namanzi amaninzi akhoyo, siqinisekile ukuba i-Indiya.'Imfuno ye-PV edadayo ifikile ekugqibeleni.Sikholelwa ukuba izisombululo ezidadayo ziya kuba sesinye sezona zixhobo ziphambili zokuqhuba kwishishini le-PV kwaye sijolise ekuphuhliseni izisombululo zetekhnoloji ye-1GW Hydrelio eIndiya kwiminyaka eyi-2-3 ezayo.”
Ukuzekelisa ingongoma yakhe, ucaphula umzekelo weWest Bengal.“Ngaphambili, siye sajonga iiprojekthi ezininzi kwi-West Bengal kwaye sicinga ukuba i-West Bengal inamandla amakhulu okuphuhlisa iiprojekthi ze-photovoltaic.Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemithombo yamanzi kwi-West Bengal, kuquka amadama, ukunkcenkceshela okanye amachibi okucoca amanzi.Ezi zilungele iiprojekthi ezidadayo.Kuyafana ke naseKerala, apho kukho amanzi amaninzi.”
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke iiprojekthi zakhiwe kumanzi amatsha okanye kumachibi athinjiweyo, kodwa oko akunjalo'ndiyayithetha's akunakwenzeka elwandle.ICiel Terre yaseTaiwan isandula ukuphehlelela i-88MWP's Changbin project, eyona projekthi yamanzi olwandle inkulu.Oku kufuna ukuba inkampani idibane nePrincipia.I-Principia yinkampani eyintloko ye-offshore ephuhlisa kwaye isebenzise izisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu kunye noyilo oludibeneyo kunye noyilo lwamaza.
Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba nabona bathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo kudala bebiza ukuba ezi zityalo zingakhelwa kumachibi endalo kunye nezinye iindawo zamanzi.Iinkampani zithi zingathathi umngcipheko ngaphandle kwamava exesha elide le-PV edadayo, enokuba nefuthe kwiprojekthi.Kwangaxeshanye, sifanele sikuphephe ukungquzulana nabalobi's ukuziphilisa.Ukugquma amachibi endalo ngeflotsam kuthetha ukuba akukho kukhanya kwelanga okuncinci okukhoyo ukuze i-algae ikhule, nto leyo enciphisa ukuqhakaza kwe-algal.Ukufudumala kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe njengoko inxalenye enkulu yamanzi iya kugqunywa okanye ifihliwe ngezityalo ze-photovoltaic ezidadayo.Ukukhanya kunye nobushushu kulindeleke ukuba kunciphe, kunye nedama'Ubomi basemanzini bufuna ibhalansi entsha.Sikhetha ukusebenzisa amanzi enziwe ngumntu kuba anempembelelo encinci kubomi basemanzini.
Ukuba uthatha ingqalelo iminyaka yezityalo zamandla ezinkulu ezakhiwe kusetyenziswa obu buchwepheshe, i-PV edadayo ifike ixesha elide ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.Oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka silumke ngaphambi kokuba senze uqikelelo olukhulu kunye noqikelelo, kodwa kukhangeleka ngathi sisisombululo esinokuzalisa isithuba esibalulekileyo sokuvelisa amandla elanga.Kwakhona bekuya konga umhlaba kwaye kwanokuvumela indawo yokugcina amanzi ukuba ibonelele ngengeniso engakumbi.Ngelixa iiprojekthi ezininzi zombane we-hydropower zibiza ngaphezulu kwe-3.5 rupees kwi-kWh nganye, okanye nangaphezulu kwe-6 rupees kwi-kWh nganye, kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zokuphikisa ngokuchasene ne-PV edadayo ngenxa yeendleko zayo.
Gxininisa ekufundeni kwiimpumelelo zokuqala ze-PV edadayo, enokuthi ingonakalisi kancinane kokusingqongileyo kunombane owenziwe ngamanzi, othe, ngokungafihlisiyo, awuqhubanga kakuhle eIndiya kwiminyaka yakutshanje.I-Rooftop Solar, nangona ixhaswa kakhulu, ayisebenzi kakuhle.Njengelanga eliqhelekileyo, oorhulumente kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba i-PV edadayo ayenzi't hamba indlela yelanga eluphahleni.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkqubela-phambili yokwenyani kwiprojekthi, ukungabikho kovavanyo olunzulu lwemithombo yamanzi, idatha ye-topographic bathymetric kunye nezinye iingxaki zobugcisa kunye nokusingqongileyo kufuneka zilungiswe ngokukhawuleza.Omnye umzekelo likamva leprojekthi yeDama elikhulu laseRihand, elangena engxakini ngenxa yolwazi olunqongopheleyo ngomhlaba kunye nokunqongophala kolwazi.
I-PV edadayo ikwabonelela nethuba lokwenyani lokufaka iiprojekthi zelanga ezibaluleke ngokwenene kuwo onke amazwe aseIndiya, ngakumbi kwimpuma yeIndiya.
Dongguan Slocable Photovoltaic Technology Co.,LTD.
Yongeza:I-Guangda Manufacturing Hongmei Science and Technology Park, No. 9-2, iCandelo leHongmei, iWangsha Road, iDolophu yaseHongmei, iDongguan, iGuangdong, iChina
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