Iimodyuli ze-Photovoltaic izixhumi ezingenakuhoywa: izinto ezincinci zidlala indima enkulu

Iimodyuli ze-Photovoltaic zinobomi benkonzo yokuyila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-25.Ngokuhambelanayo, iimfuno ezihambelanayo zimiselwe ubomi bokusebenza bezinto ezixhasayo zombane.Icandelo ngalinye lombane linobomi balo bomatshini.Ubomi bombane bunxulumene nenzuzo yokugqibela yesikhululo samandla.Ngoko ke, ubomi kunye nomgangatho wamacandelo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe.

Uninzi lwezityalo zamandla e-photovoltaic zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ze-plateau, kwaye ezinye zazo zisasazwa ngendlela yokuvelisa umbane osasazwayo.Ulwabiwo luthe saa.Le meko kunzima ukuyilondoloza.Ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko zokugcina, indlela esebenzayo kukuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo, kwaye ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwamacandelo asetyenziswe kwinkqubo.

Amacandelo esinikela ingqalelo kuwo apha ayingawo awona malungu aphambili odla ngokuwaqaphela, kodwa amacandelo amancinci anjengeziqhagamshelo, izixhobo zombane ezine-voltage ephantsi,iintambo, njl. Okukhona iinkcukacha ezininzi, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele iingxaki.Namhlanje siza kuhlalutya iizihlanganisi.

Izihlanganisi kuyo yonke indawo

Ekugcinweni kwansuku zonke kwezityalo zamandla e-photovoltaic, izixhobo eziphambili ezifana namacandelo, iikhabhinethi zokusabalalisa amandla e-DC, kunye ne-inverters zizinto eziphambili ezixhalabisayo.Le nxalenye kukuba kufuneka sigcine isiqhelo kwaye sizinzile, kuba banethuba eliphezulu lokungaphumeleli kwaye banempembelelo enkulu emva kokungaphumeleli.

Kodwa kwezinye iilinki, kukho iimpazamo abantu abangazaziyo okanye abangazihoyiyo.Enyanisweni, sele bephulukene nokuveliswa kwamandla bengazi.Ngamanye amazwi, kulapho sinokwandisa khona ukwenziwa kwamandla.Sisiphi ke isixhobo esichaphazela ukwenziwa kombane?

Kukho iindawo ezininzi kwisikhululo samandla apho kufuneka ujongano.Izixhobo, iibhokisi ze-junction, ii-inverters, iibhokisi zokudibanisa, njl. Zonke zifuna isixhobo--isidibanisi.Ibhokisi nganye yesiphambuka isebenzisa iidibanisi ezimbini.Inani lebhokisi ngalinye lokudibanisa lihambelana noyilo.Ngokubanzi, izibini ezisi-8 ukuya kwezili-16 zisetyenziswa, ngelixa ii-inverters zisebenzisa iipere ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 okanye ngaphezulu.Ngelo xesha, inani elithile lokudibanisa kufuneka lisetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kokugqibela kwesikhululo samandla.

Ukusilela okufihliweyo kwenzeka rhoqo

Isidibanisi sincinci, amakhonkco amaninzi kufuneka asetyenziswe, kwaye ixabiso lincinci.Kwaye kukho iinkampani ezininzi ezivelisa isinxibelelanisi.Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abantu abambalwa banikela ingqalelo ekusetyenzisweni kwekhonkco, kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa isetyenziswe kakuhle, kwaye ukuba ingasetyenziswanga kakuhle yintoni imiphumo.Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutyelela ngokunzulu kunye nokuqonda, kufunyenwe ukuba ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yezi zizathu ukuba iimveliso kunye nokhuphiswano kule khonkco ziphazamisekile kakhulu.

Okokuqala, siqala ukuphanda kwi-terminal application.Ekubeni amakhonkco amaninzi kwisikhululo samandla kufuneka asebenzise iziqhagamshelo, sinokubona usetyenziso lwemveliso yezihlanganisi ezahlukeneyo kwisiza, njengeebhokisi zokudibanisa, iibhokisi zokudibanisa, amacandelo, iintambo, njl.Ezi zixhobo zezona nxalenye ziphambili zesikhululo samandla.Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iingozi, abantu ekuqaleni babecinga ukuba yingxaki kwibhokisi yesiphambuka okanye icandelo ngokwalo.Emva kophando, kwafunyaniswa ukuba inxulumene nesinxibelelanisi.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umdibaniso ubamba umlilo, abanini abaninzi baya kukhononda malunga necandelo, kuba enye isiphelo somdibaniso siyinxalenye yodwa, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ibangelwa yi-connector.

Ngokwezibalo, iingxaki ezihambelanayo ezibangelwa ngumdibanisi zibandakanya: ukunyuka kokuchasana koqhagamshelwano, ukuveliswa kobushushu bokudibanisa, ubomi obufutshane, umlilo kwikhonkco, ukutshiswa kwekhonkco, ukusilela kwamandla kumacandelo omtya, ukungaphumeleli kwebhokisi yokuhlangana, kunye ukuvuza kwecandelo, njl. njl., ezinokubangela ukusilela kwenkqubo, ukukhumbula imveliso, umonakalo webhodi yesekethe, ukuphinda kusebenze kunye nokulungiswa kuya kubangela ukulahleka kwamacandelo aphambili kwaye kuchaphazele ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla, kwaye eyona imbi kakhulu yintlekele yomlilo.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano kuba kukhulu, kwaye ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano kwikhonkco kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuveliswa kwamandla okusebenza kwesikhululo samandla.Ngoko ke, "ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano oluphantsi" kuyimfuneko efunekayo kwi-photovoltaic connectors.Ukongeza, ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kakhulu kunokubangela ukuba isinxibelelanisi sifudumale kwaye sibangele umlilo emva kobushushu obugqithisileyo.Oku kukwabangela iingxaki zokhuseleko kwiindawo ezininzi zamandla e-photovoltaic.

Ukulandela emva kwimvelaphi yezi ngxaki, eyokuqala kukufakelwa kwesikhululo sombane kwinqanaba lokugqibela.Uphando lwafumanisa ukuba izikhululo zombane ezininzi zineengxaki ekusebenzeni kwezinye izihlanganisi ngexesha lenkqubo yokuleqa kwixesha lokwakha, nto leyo ethe yabeka ngqo iingozi ezifihlakeleyo ekusebenzeni okulandelayo kwesikhululo samandla.

Amaqela okwakha okanye iinkampani ze-EPC zezikhululo zamandla ezinkulu ezisekelwe emhlabeni entshona aziqondi ngokwaneleyo izihlanganisi, kwaye kukho iingxaki ezininzi zofakelo.Umzekelo, isidibanisi sohlobo lwe-nut sifuna izixhobo zobuchwephesha ekusebenzeni kokuncedisa.Ngaphantsi kokusebenza okuchanekileyo, i-nut kwikhonkco ayikwazi ukujijwa ukuya ekupheleni.Kufuneka kubekho i-gap malunga ne-2mm ngexesha lokusebenza (i-gap ixhomekeke kububanzi obungaphandle bekhebula).Ukuqinisa i-nut ukuya ekupheleni kuya kulimaza ukusebenza kokutywinwa kwekhonkco.

Ngelo xesha, kukho iingxaki kwi-crimping, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuba izixhobo zokuqhawula azikho ingcali.Abanye abasebenzi kwisiza basebenzise ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho okumgangatho ophantsi okanye izixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokukhuhla, nto leyo eya kubangela ukukhuhla okungalunganga, njengokugoba ucingo lobhedu kwindawo edibeneyo, ukusilela kokubopha iingcingo ezithile zobhedu, ukucinezela ngokungafanelekanga ukugquma intambo, njl. njl., kunye nesiphumo ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-crimping kunxulumene ngqo nokhuseleko lwesikhululo samandla.

Enye intsebenzo ibangelwa kukusukelana nokungaphumeleli kofakelo, okukhokelela ekuncipheni komgangatho we-crimping.Ukuba indawo yokwakha ayinakuqinisekisa umgangatho we-crimping nganye ukuze usebenze ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingekho buchule kuya kubangela iingxaki ezininzi.

Izakhono zabafakeli ngokwabo zinempembelelo kwinqanaba lokufakela isinxibelelanisi.Ngesi sizathu, iinkampani zobuchwephesha kwishishini zicebisa ukuba ukuba kusetyenziswe izixhobo zobuchwephesha kunye neenkqubo ezichanekileyo zokusebenza, umgangatho weprojekthi uya kuphuculwa.

Ingxaki yesibini kukuba iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa zisetyenziselwa ukudideka.Iziqhagamshelo zeempawu ezahlukeneyo ziplagwe enye kwenye.Iibhokisi zeJunction, iibhokisi zokudibanisa, kunye nee-inverters zonke zisebenzisa izixhumi zeempawu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukuhambelana kweziqhagamshelo akuqwalaselwa kwaphela.

Intatheli yadliwano-ndlebe nabanini bezikhululo zamandla amaninzi kunye neenkampani ze-EPC, kwaye yabuza ukuba bayazi malunga neziqhagamshelo, kwaye xa izixhumi zineengxaki ezihambelanayo, iimpendulo zabo zonke zilahlekile.Ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi bezikhululo zombane ezinkulu eziphantsi bathi: "Umboneleli wesiqhagamshelo ubhengeza ukuba unokuqhagamshelwa omnye komnye, kwaye unokuqhagamshelwa kwiMC4."

Kuyaqondwa ukuba ingxelo evela kubanini kunye nabasebenzi bokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kuyinyani ngokwenene.Okwangoku, ngokusisiseko bonke ababoneleli be-photovoltaic connector baya kubhengeza kubathengi babo ukuba banokungena nge-MC4.Kutheni i-MC4?

Kuxelwe ukuba i-MC4 yimodeli yemveliso yesinxibelelanisi.Umvelisi yi-Swiss Stäubli Multi-Contact (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-MC kushishino), enesabelo semarike esingaphezulu kwe-50% ukusuka ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2013. I-MC4 ngumzekelo kuthotho lweemveliso zenkampani, eyaziwa kakhulu usetyenziso olubanzi.

Ke, ezinye iimveliso zokunxibelelanisa uphawu kwimarike zinokungena nge-MC4?

Kudliwano-ndlebe, u-Hong Weigang, umphathi wesebe le-photovoltaic lase-Stäubli Multi-Contact, unike impendulo eqinisekileyo: “Inxalenye enkulu yengxaki yeziqhagamshelo kukufakela omnye komnye.Asize sicebise ukuba izihlanganisi zeempawu ezahlukeneyo zifakelwe kwaye zifaniswe.Kananjalo akuvumelekanga.Izixhumi zeempawu ezahlukeneyo azikwazi ukuhambelana, kwaye ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano kuya kwanda ukuba kuqhutywe ngaloo ndlela.Iqumrhu lezatifikethi liphinde latsho ukuba ukukhwelana ngokulinganayo akuvumelekanga, kwaye kuphela iimveliso zoluhlu olufanayo ezivela kumenzi ofanayo zivunyelwe ukuba zidibene.Iimveliso ze-MC zinokudityaniswa kwaye ziplagwe kwaye zihambelane. ”

Kulo mba, siye sathethana neenkampani ezimbini zezatifikethi, i-TüV Rheinland kunye ne-TüV yaseMzantsi Jamani, kwaye impendulo yayiyeyokuba iimveliso ezidityanisiweyo zeempawu ezahlukeneyo azinakuthelekiseka.Ukuba kufuneka uyisebenzise, ​​kungcono ukwenza uvavanyo oluhambelanayo kwangaphambili.UXu Hailiang, uMphathi weTüV SÜD Photovoltaic Department, uthe: “Ezinye zeziqhagamshelo zinoyilo olufanayo, kodwa ukusebenza kombane kwahlukile, kwaye iimveliso zahlukile.Iingxaki ezininzi ziye zavela kuvavanyo oluhambelanayo lwangoku.Ngokuvavanywa, abanikazi bezikhululo zamandla banokufunda ngakumbi malunga neengxaki kwangaphambili, umzekelo, emva kokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide, kuya kubakho ukungalingani kwiindawo ezibuhlungu kwixesha elizayo.“Ucebise ukuba abanini bamacandelo kunye nezikhululo zombane kufuneka banike ingqwalasela kwimathiriyeli yemveliso kunye neenkcazo zezatifikethi, baze baqwalasele indlela yokukhetha izihlanganisi.

“Eyona meko ilungileyo kukusebenzisa iseti efanayo yeemveliso ezivela kwinkampani enye kuluhlu olufanayo, kodwa uninzi lwezikhululo zamandla zinababoneleli abanxibelelanayo abaninzi.Ingaba ezi ziqhagamshelo zinokudityaniswa yingozi efihliweyo.Umzekelo, isikhululo samandla sineziqhagamshelo ze-MC, i-RenHe, kunye noQhagamshelwano oluKhawulezayo, nokuba iinkampani ezintathu ziqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso, kusafuneka ziwuthathele ingqalelo umcimbi wokuthelekisana.Ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko kangangoko, iinkampani ezininzi kunye nabatyali-zimali abathile kwizikhululo zamandla bacela ngenkuthalo iimvavanyo ezifanayo.Ngokutsho kukaZhu Qifeng, umphathi wentengiso weTüV SÜD isebe lemveliso ye-photovoltaic, uZhang Jialin, umphathi wezokuthengisa weTüV Rheinland photovoltaic isebe, naye uyavuma.Wathi uRheinland wenze iimvavanyo ezininzi, kwaye ekubeni iingxaki zifunyenwe, ukukhwelana okufanayo akukhuthazwa.

"Ukuba ukuchasana kukhulu kakhulu, isinxibelelanisi siya kubamba umlilo, kwaye ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano oluphezulu kuya kubangela ukuba isidibanisi sitshise, kwaye amacandelo omtya aya kunqunyulwa.Ukongezelela, ezininzi iinkampani zasekhaya zixhomekeke kunxibelelwano olunzima xa ufaka, obangela ukuba i-interface ishushu, kwaye ikhebula lixhomekeke kwiingxaki., Impazamo yobushushu ifikelela kwi-12-20 degrees.”U-Shen Qianping, ingcali yemveliso kwisebe le-photovoltaic ye-Stäubli Multi-Contact, yabonisa ubunzima bengxaki.

Kuxelwe ukuba i-MC ayizange ichaze ukunyamezela kweemveliso zayo.Ngamanye amazwi, uninzi lweziqhagamshelo ze-photovoltaic kwimarike zisekwe kuhlalutyo lweesampulu zeMC4 ukwenza ezabo ukunyamezela imveliso.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni impembelelo yezinto zokulawula imveliso, ukunyamezela kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo kuyahluka.Kukho iingozi ezinkulu ezifihliweyo xa izidibanisi zeempawu ezahlukeneyo zixhunyiwe omnye komnye, ngakumbi kwizikhululo zamandla ezinkulu ezisebenzisa izihlanganisi ezininzi.

Okwangoku, kukho impikiswano enkulu kwikhonkco kunye neenkampani zebhokisi zesiphambuka kwishishini malunga nomba wokufakwa ngokufanayo.Inani elikhulu leenkampani zasekhaya ezidityanisiweyo kunye neenkampani zebhokisi ezidibeneyo zichaze ukuba iimveliso zeempawu ezahlukeneyo ziphumelele uvavanyo lwenkampani yokuhlola kwaye azinaziphumo.

Ngenxa yokuba akukho mgangatho odibeneyo, imigangatho yesatifikethi kunye neenkampani zokuvavanya kwishishini azifani.I-EUROLAB inomahluko othile kunye no-t ü V Rhine, uNande kunye ne-UL kwingxaki yesinxibelelanisi sokuthelekisana.Ngokutsho kukaCheng Wanmao, umphathi weqela le-photovoltaic le-Intertek, inani elikhulu leengxaki alizange lifumaneke kwezinye iimvavanyo ezihambelanayo zangoku.Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lobugcisa, ngaphezu kwengxaki yokuchasana, kukho ingxaki ye-arcing.Ke kukho iingozi ezifihlakeleyo kwi-inter-plugging kunye nokudibana kwezihlanganisi.

Ingxaki yesithathu kukuba iinkampani ezenza isiqhagamshelo zixutyiwe, kwaye iinkampani ezininzi ezincinci kunye neeworkshops ziyabandakanyeka.Ndifumene into ehlekisayo kwisaveyi.Uninzi lwabavelisi bezonxibelelwano basekhaya babiza iimveliso zabo zekhonkco yiMC4.Bacinga ukuba eli ligama eliqhelekileyo labanxibelelanisi kushishino.Kukwakho iinkampani ezizimeleyo ezide zishiye ezomgunyathi kwaye ziprinte ngqo ilogo yenkampani yeMC.

“Xa ezi ziqhagamshelo zomgunyathi ziphawulwe ngelogo yenkampani ye-MC zabuyiswa ukuze zivavanywe, saziva sixakile.Kwelinye icala, sonwabile ngesabelo sethu semveliso kunye nokuthandwa.Kwelinye icala, kwafuneka sijamelane neengxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo zomgunyathi, yaye ikwalixabiso eliphantsi.”Ngokutsho kuka-MC Hong Weigang, ngokutsho kwe-MC yangoku yemveliso yehlabathi ye-30-35GW, isikali siye sancitshiswa kakhulu, kwaye ulawulo lweendleko lwenziwe kakuhle kakhulu.Kodwa kutheni basephantsi kunathi nje?Siqala ekukhetheni izinto eziphathekayo, igalelo leteknoloji engundoqo, inkqubo yokuvelisa, izixhobo zokuvelisa, ulawulo lomgangatho kunye neminye imiba ihlalutywa.Ukuphunyezwa kwamaxabiso aphantsi kudla ngokuncama izinto ezininzi.Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibuyiswayo zesibini okwangoku yimpazamo eqhelekileyo ekuziphatheni kokunciphisa iindleko.Ukhuphiswano lwamaxabiso aphantsi luthambekele ekubeni Le yinyaniso elula ngokunxulumene nokusika iikona kunye nezixhobo.Ngokubhekiselele kwimboni ye-photovoltaic, ukunciphisa iindleko ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo kunye nonzima.Yonke imiba yoshishino isebenza nzima, njengokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koguqulo, ukwandisa amandla ombane wenkqubo, kunye noyilo lwecandelo eliphazamisayo.Ukwandisa iqondo lokuzisebenzela, njl. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukunciphisa iindleko kwaye ungaze wehlise umgangatho wemveliso ngumgaqo ekufuneka uthotyelwe.”

UShen Qianping we-MC Company wongeze wathi: “Ii-Copycats zikwafuna itekhnoloji.I-MC ine-teknoloji ye-watchband ye-Multiam Technology (i-teknoloji ye-patent), engenakuqinisekisa kuphela ukuba ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano lwesiqhagamshelo kuphantsi kakhulu, kodwa kunokonakaliswa koqhagamshelwano oluphantsi oluqhubekayo.Inokubalwa kwaye ilawulwe.Ingakanani ukuhamba kwangoku kunye nokuchasana koqhagamshelwano kunokubalwa.Ukuchasana kwamanqaku amabini oqhagamshelwano kunokuhlalutywa ukufumana ukuba ingakanani indawo yokuchitha ubushushu, kwaye ukhethe imveliso yokudibanisa efanelekileyo ngokweemfuno zomthengi.Iteknoloji yomtya ifuna iteknoloji yenkqubo enzima, exeliswa kakhulu.Ezixeliweyo kulula ukuba zigqwetheke.Le yingqokelela yetekhnoloji yenkampani yaseSwitzerland, kwaye utyalo-mali kunye nexabiso loyilo lwemveliso ngokwalo alunakuthelekiswa. ”

4 million kWh kwiminyaka engama-25

Kuyaqondwa ukuba yimfuno esisiseko yokuba izihlanganisi zigcine ukuxhathisa okuphantsi, kwaye iinkampani ezininzi kwishishini sele ziqalisile ukwenza njalo, kodwa uzinzo lwexesha elide kunye nokumelana nokunxibelelana okuphantsi kufuna ukuqokelelwa kobuchwephesha obuzinzileyo kunye nenkxaso ye-R&D, eqhubekayo ixesha elide- uzinzo lwexesha kunye noqhagamshelwano oluphantsi Ukumelana akuqinisekisi ngokusebenzayo kuphela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwamakhonkco amancinane esikhululo samandla, kodwa ikwavelisa inzuzo engalindelekanga yesikhululo samandla.

Ingaba ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano lwePV isinxibelelanisi kukuchaphazela kangakanani ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokuvelisa amandla ePV?UHong Weigang ubale oku.Ukuthatha iprojekthi ye-PV ye-100MW njengomzekelo, wathelekisa ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano lwe-MC PV isinxibelelanisi (umyinge we-0.35m Ω) kunye nokumelana okuphezulu koqhagamshelwano lwe-5m Ω echazwe kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe en50521.Xa kuthelekiswa nokumelana noqhagamshelwano oluphezulu, ukuchasana koqhagamshelwano oluphantsi kwenza inkqubo ye-PV isebenze ngakumbi Malunga ne-160000 kwh umbane ongaphezulu wenziwa minyaka le, kwaye malunga ne-4 yezigidi ze-kwh umbane ongaphezulu wenziwa kwiminyaka engama-25.Ingabonwa ukuba inzuzo yezoqoqosho eziswa kukunganyangeki okuphantsi koqhagamshelwano ibaluleke kakhulu.Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba ukuchasana nokunxibelelana okuphezulu kuthande ukusilela, ukutshintshwa kwamalungu amaninzi kunye nexesha elininzi lokulondolozwa liyafuneka, okuthetha ukuba iindleko eziphezulu zokulondolozwa.

“Kwixesha elizayo, ishishini liza kuba nobuchwephesha ngakumbi, kwaye kuya kubakho umahluko ocacileyo ngakumbi phakathi kokwenziwa kweebhokisi ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokuveliswa kwekhonkco.Imigangatho yokudibanisa kunye nemigangatho yebhokisi ye-junction iya kuphuculwa ngakumbi kwiinkalo zabo, kwaye ukuxinwa kwezinto eziphathekayo kuzo zonke ikhonkco zekhonkco lezoshishino kuya kuphuculwa, "utshilo uHong WeingGang.Ngokuqinisekileyo, ekugqibeleni, iinkampani ezifuna ngokwenene ixesha elide ziya kunikela ingqalelo kwizinto eziphathekayo ngokwazo, inkqubo, inqanaba lokuvelisa kunye ne-brand.Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziphathekayo, zombini izinto zobhedu zangaphandle kunye nezixhobo zobhedu zasekhaya zizinto zobhedu ezinegama elifanayo, kodwa imilinganiselo yezinto ezihlukeneyo kuzo zihluke, ezikhokelela ekuhlukeni ekusebenzeni kwamacandelo.Ke ngoko, kufuneka sifunde kwaye siqokelele ixesha elide. ”

Ngenxa yokuba isiqhagamshelo "sincinci", umyili wesikhululo samandla sangoku kunye nenkampani ye-EPC ayifane icinge ngokumataniswa kwekhonkco xa uyila kwaye isakha isikhululo samandla;umthengisi wecandelo kwakhona uhlawula ingqwalasela encinci kakhulu kwikhonkco xa ukhetha ibhokisi ye-junction;Abanini bezikhululo zamandla kunye nabaqhubi abanayo indlela yokuqonda impembelelo yezihlanganisi.Ngoko ke, zininzi iingozi ezifihlakeleyo ngaphambi kokuba ingxaki ibonakale kwindawo enkulu.

I-photovoltaic backplanes, iiseli zelanga ze-PID, nazo ziyingqalelo yoshishino emva kokuba ingxaki ibonakaliswe.Kuthenjwa ukuba isinxibelelanisi sinokutsala ingqalelo phambi kokuba ingxaki ibonakale kwindawo enkulu, kwaye ithintele ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke.