Amamojula we-Photovoltaic izixhumi ezingenakunakwa: izinto ezincane zidlala indima enkulu

Amamojula we-Photovoltaic anempilo yesevisi yokuklama engaphezu kweminyaka engu-25.Ngokuhambisanayo, izidingo ezihambisanayo zisethelwe impilo yokusebenza yezingxenye zayo zikagesi ezisekelayo.Ingxenye ngayinye kagesi inokuphila kwayo komshini.Impilo kagesi ihlobene nenzuzo yokugcina yesiteshi sikagesi.Ngakho-ke, impilo kanye nekhwalithi yezingxenye zidinga ukunakwa.

Izitshalo eziningi zamandla e-photovoltaic zisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziphakeme, futhi ezinye zazo zisakazwa ngendlela yokukhiqiza ugesi okusabalalisa.Ukusabalalisa kuhlakazekile uma kuqhathaniswa.Lesi simo kunzima ukusigcina.Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokulungisa, indlela ephumelelayo iwukuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu, futhi ukwethembeka kwesistimu kuncike ekuthembekeni kwezingxenye ezisetshenziswa ohlelweni.

Izingxenye esizinaka lapha akuzona izingxenye eziyinhloko ovame ukuzibona, kodwa izingxenye ezincane njengezixhumi, izinto zikagesi ezine-voltage ephansi,izintambo, njll. Uma kunemininingwane eyengeziwe, maningi amathuba okuba kubangele izinkinga.Namuhla sizohlaziyaizixhumi.

Izixhumi yonke indawo

Ekugcinweni kwansuku zonke kwezitshalo zamandla e-photovoltaic, imishini eyinhloko efana nezingxenye, amakhabhinethi okusabalalisa amandla e-DC, nama-inverters yizinto eziyinhloko zokukhathazeka.Le ngxenye ukuthi kufanele sigcine evamile futhi sizinzile, ngoba banethuba eliphezulu lokuhluleka futhi banomthelela omkhulu ngemva kokwehluleka.

Kodwa kwezinye izixhumanisi, kukhona amaphutha abantu abangawazi noma abangawanaki.Eqinisweni, sebevele balahlekelwa ukuphehlwa kukagesi bengazi.Ngamanye amazwi, yilapho singakhulisa khona ukuphehlwa kukagesi.Ngakho yiziphi izinto ezithinta ukukhiqizwa kukagesi?

Kunezindawo eziningi esiteshini samandla lapho kudingeka khona ukuxhumana.Izingxenye, amabhokisi okuhlanganisa, ama-inverter, amabhokisi okuhlanganisa, njll. konke kudinga idivayisi——isixhumi.Ibhokisi ngalinye le-junction lisebenzisa ipheya yezixhumi.Inombolo yebhokisi ngalinye lesihlanganisi lihlobene nomklamo.Ngokuvamile, amapheya angu-8 kuya kwayi-16 asetshenziswa, kuyilapho iziguquli zisebenzisa amapheya angu-2 ukuya kwangu-4 noma ngaphezulu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elithile lezixhumi kufanele lisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kokugcina kwesiteshi sikagesi.

Ukwehluleka okufihliwe kuvame ukwenzeka

Isixhumi sincane, izixhumanisi eziningi zidinga ukusetshenziswa, futhi izindleko zincane.Futhi kunezinkampani eziningi ezikhiqiza isixhumi.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, bambalwa abantu abanaka ukusetshenziswa kwesixhumi, kuzokwenzekani uma sisetshenziswe kahle, futhi uma singasetshenziswa kahle yimiphi imiphumela.Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuvakasha okujulile nokuqonda, kutholakala ukuthi kungenxa yalezi zizathu ukuthi imikhiqizo nokuncintisana kulesi sixhumanisi kunesiphithiphithi kakhulu.

Okokuqala, siqala ukuphenya kusuka kuhlelo lokusebenza lwetheminali.Njengoba izixhumanisi eziningi esiteshini samandla zidinga ukusebenzisa izixhumi, singabona izinhlelo zokusebenza zemikhiqizo yezixhumi ezihlukahlukene esizeni, njengamabhokisi okuhlanganisa, amabhokisi okuhlanganisa, izingxenye, izintambo, njll., izixhumi Umumo uyafana.Lezi zixhobo ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko zesiteshi sikagesi.Ngezinye izikhathi kuba nezingozi, abantu ekuqaleni babecabanga ukuthi kuyinkinga ngebhokisi lokuhlangana noma ingxenye ngokwayo.Ngemuva kophenyo, kwatholakala ukuthi ihlobene nesixhumi.

Isibonelo, uma isixhumi sibamba umlilo, abanikazi abaningi bazokhononda mayelana nengxenye, ngoba ingxenye eyodwa yesixhumi iyona ingxenye, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi empeleni ibangelwa isixhumi.

Ngokwezibalo, izinkinga ezihlobene ezibangelwa isixhumi zihlanganisa: ukwanda kokumelana nokuxhumana, ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kwesixhumi, ubude besikhathi sokuphila obufushane, umlilo kusixhumanisi, ukushisa kwesixhumi, ukwehluleka kwamandla ezingxenyeni zezintambo, ukwehluleka kwebhokisi lokuhlangana, kanye ukuvuza kwengxenye, njll., okungabangela ukwehluleka kwesistimu, ukukhunjulwa komkhiqizo, ukulimala kwebhodi lesekethe, ukusebenza kabusha nokulungiswa kuzodala ukulahleka kwezingxenye eziyinhloko futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kwamandla kwesiteshi sikagesi, futhi okubi kakhulu inhlekelele yomlilo.

Isibonelo, ukumelana nokuxhumana kuba kukhudlwana, futhi ukumelana nokuxhumana kwesixhumi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwesiteshi samandla.Ngakho-ke, "ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphansi" kuyimfuneko edingekayo yezixhumi ze-photovoltaic.Ukwengeza, ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphezulu kakhulu kungase kubangele futhi isixhumi sishise futhi kubangele umlilo ngemva kokushisa ngokweqile.Lokhu futhi kuyimbangela yezinkinga zokuphepha ezitshalweni eziningi zamandla e-photovoltaic.

Ukulandela emuva emsuka walezi zinkinga, eyokuqala ukufakwa kwesiteshi sikagesi esigabeni sokugcina.Uphenyo lwathola ukuthi iziteshi eziningi zikagesi zazinezinkinga ngokusebenza kwezinye izixhumi ngesikhathi sokuphuthuma esikhathini sokwakha, okwabeka ngokuqondile izingozi ezifihliwe ngokusebenza okulandelayo kwesiteshi sikagesi.

Amaqembu okwakha noma izinkampani ze-EPC zeziteshi zikagesi ezinkulu ezisekelwe phansi entshonalanga azinakho ukuqonda okwanele kwezixhumi, futhi kunezinkinga eziningi zokufakwa.Isibonelo, isixhumi sohlobo lwamantongomane sidinga amathuluzi angochwepheshe ukuze asebenze asizayo.Ngaphansi kokusebenza okulungile, inadi elikusixhumi alikwazi ukukrufulwa kuze kube sekugcineni.Kufanele kube negebe elingaba ngu-2mm ngesikhathi sokusebenza (igebe lincike kububanzi obungaphandle bekhebula).Ukuqinisa inati kuze kube sekugcineni kuzolimaza ukusebenza kokuvala kwesixhumi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezinkinga ekugwemeni, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amathuluzi okukhwabanisa awawona ochwepheshe.Ezinye izisebenzi esizeni zisebenzisa ngokuqondile izinga eliphansi noma amathuluzi avamile wokuklwebha, okuzodala ukugogeka kahle, njengokugoba ucingo lwethusi endaweni ehlangene, ukwehluleka ukucwilisa ezinye izintambo zethusi, ukucindezela okungalungile ekufakeni ikhebula, njll., kanye nomphumela. ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-crimping kuhlobene ngqo nokuphepha kwesiteshi sikagesi.

Okunye ukusebenza kungenxa yokuphishekela ukungakwazi ukufaka kahle, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinga le-crimping.Uma indawo yokwakha ingakwazi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-crimping ngayinye ukuze ugijime umsebenzi, kuhlanganiswe nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi angenamsebenzi kuzodala izinkinga ezengeziwe.

Amakhono abafaki ngokwabo aba nomthelela ezingeni lokufakwa kwesixhumi.Ngalesi sizathu, izinkampani ezingochwepheshe embonini ziphakamisa ukuthi uma amathuluzi ochwepheshe kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza ezilungile zisetshenziswa, ikhwalithi yephrojekthi izothuthukiswa.

Inkinga yesibili ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yokuxhuma isetshenziswa ekudidekeni.Izixhumi zemikhiqizo ehlukene zixhunywe komunye nomunye.Amabhokisi okuhlanganisa, amabhokisi okuhlanganisa, neziguquli zonke zisebenzisa izixhumi zemikhiqizo ehlukene, futhi ukufaniswa kwezixhumi akucatshangwa nhlobo.

Intatheli ixoxisane nabanikazi beziteshi zikagesi abambalwa nezinkampani ze-EPC, yabuza ukuthi bayazi yini ngezixhumi, futhi lapho izixhumi zinezinkinga ezifanayo, izimpendulo zabo zonke zazilahlekile.Ukusebenza nokunakekela iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezinkulu eziphansi bathi: “Isixhumi simemezela ukuthi singaxhunywa esinye nesinye, futhi singaxhunywa ku-MC4.”

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi impendulo evela kubanikazi kanye nabasebenzi bokusebenza nokunakekela iyiqiniso ngempela.Njengamanje, bonke abahlinzeki bezixhumanisi ze-photovoltaic bazomemezela kumakhasimende abo ukuthi bangaxhuma nge-MC4.Kungani i-MC4?

Kubikwa ukuthi i-MC4 iyimodeli yomkhiqizo yesixhumi.Umkhiqizi yi-Swiss Stäubli Multi-Contact (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-MC embonini), enesabelo semakethe esingaphezu kuka-50% kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2013. I-MC4 iyimodeli ochungechungeni lwemikhiqizo yenkampani, eyaziwa kakhulu uhlelo lokusebenza olubanzi.

Ngakho-ke, eminye imikhiqizo yesixhumi somkhiqizo emakethe ingaxhumeka ngempela nge-MC4?

Engxoxweni, u-Hong Weigang, umphathi womnyango we-photovoltaic we-Stäubli Multi-Contact, unikeze impendulo eqondile: “Ingxenye enkulu yenkinga yezixhumi isuka ekufakweni okufanayo.Asilokothi sincome ukuthi izixhumi zemikhiqizo ehlukene zifakwe ngokulinganayo futhi zifaniswe.Akuvumelekile futhi.Izixhumi zemikhiqizo ehlukene azikwazi ukufaniswa ngokulinganayo, futhi ukumelana nokuxhumana kuzokhula uma kusetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela.Indikimba yezitifiketi iphinde yathi ukukhwelana okuhlangene akuvunyelwe, futhi yimikhiqizo yochungechunge olufanayo kuphela evela kumkhiqizi ofanayo evunyelwe ukuthi ihlanganiswe.Imikhiqizo ye-MC ingafaniswa futhi ixhunywe futhi ihambisane. ”

Kulolu daba, sixoxisane nezinkampani ezimbili zokunikeza izitifiketi, i-TüV Rheinland kanye ne-TüV yaseNingizimu Jalimane, futhi impendulo yaba ukuthi imikhiqizo yesixhumi yemikhiqizo ehlukene ayinakuqhathaniswa.Uma kufanele uyisebenzise, ​​kungcono ukwenza ukuhlolwa okufanayo kusenesikhathi.UXu Hailiang, oyiMenenja yoMnyango we-TüV SÜD Photovoltaic, uthe: “Ezinye zezixhumi zokulingisa zinomklamo ofanayo, kodwa ukusebenza kukagesi kuhlukile, futhi imikhiqizo ihluke kakhulu.Izinkinga eziningi zivele esivivinyweni samanje sokufanisa.Ngokuhlola, abanikazi beziteshi zikagesi bangafunda kabanzi ngezinkinga kusenesikhathi, isibonelo, ngemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside, kuzoba nokungafani ezindaweni ezinokhahlo esikhathini esizayo.“Uphakamise ukuthi abanikazi bezingxenye nabaphathi beziteshi zikagesi baqaphele izinto zomkhiqizo nezincazelo zezitifiketi, bese bebheka ukuthi bangazikhetha kanjani izixhumi.

”Isimo esihle kakhulu ukusebenzisa isethi efanayo yemikhiqizo evela enkampanini efanayo ohlwini olufanayo, kodwa iziteshi zikagesi eziningi zinabahlinzeki abambalwa bezixhumi.Ukuthi lezi zixhumi zingafaniswa yini kuyingozi efihliwe.Isibonelo, isiteshi sikagesi sinezixhumi ze-MC, i-RenHe, ne-Quick Contact, ngisho noma izinkampani ezintathu ziqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, zisadinga ukucabangela indaba yokumatanisa.Ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi ngangokunokwenzeka, izinkampani eziningi kanye nabanye abatshalizimali beziteshi zikagesi bacela ngenkuthalo ukuhlolwa okufanayo.Ngokusho kukaZhu Qifeng, umphathi wezokuthengisa we-TüV SÜD umnyango wemikhiqizo ye-photovoltaic, uZhang Jialin, umphathi wezokuthengisa we-TüV Rheinland photovoltaic department, naye uyavuma.Uthe iRheinland yenze izivivinyo eziningi, futhi njengoba izinkinga zitholakala, ukukhwelana okuhlangene akunconywa.

”Uma ukumelana kukukhulu kakhulu, isixhumi sizobamba umlilo, futhi ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphezulu kuzobangela ukuthi isixhumi sishise, futhi izingxenye zentambo zizonqanyulwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani eziningi ezifuywayo zithembele ekuxhumekeni okunzima lapho kufakwa, okubangela ukushisa kwe-interface, futhi ikhebula lijwayele izinkinga., Iphutha lokushisa lifinyelela ku-12-20 degrees."U-Shen Qianping, uchwepheshe wemikhiqizo emnyangweni we-photovoltaic we-Stäubli Multi-Contact, uveze ubucayi benkinga.

Kubikwa ukuthi i-MC ayikaze idalule ukubekezelelwa kwemikhiqizo yayo.Ngamanye amazwi, izixhumi eziningi ze-photovoltaic emakethe zisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamasampula e-MC4 ukuze zenze okwazo ukubekezelela umkhiqizo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithonya lezici zokulawula ukukhiqiza, ukubekezelelana kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuhlukile.Kunezingozi ezinkulu ezifihliwe lapho izixhumi zemikhiqizo ehlukene zixhunywa komunye nomunye, ikakhulukazi eziteshini zikagesi ezinkulu ezisebenzisa izixhumi eziningi.

Njengamanje, kunempikiswano enkulu ezinkampanini zebhokisi lezixhumi nezixhumi embonini mayelana nodaba lokufakwa okuhlangene.Inani elikhulu lezixhumi zasekhaya kanye nezinkampani zamabhokisi okuhlangana zathi imikhiqizo yemikhiqizo ehlukene iphumelele ukuhlolwa kwenkampani yokuhlola futhi ayinayo imiphumela.

Ngenxa yokuthi alikho izinga elihlanganisiwe, izindinganiso zezitifiketi nezinkampani zokuhlola embonini azifani.I-EUROLAB inomehluko othile ne-t ü V Rhine, i-Nande ne-UL enkingeni yokumatanisa okuhlangene kwesixhumi.NgokukaCheng Wanmao, umphathi weqembu le-photovoltaic le-Intertek, inani elikhulu lezinkinga alikatholakali kwezinye izivivinyo ezifanayo zamanje.Kodwa-ke, ngokuqondene nezinga lobuchwepheshe, ngaphezu kwenkinga yokumelana, kunenkinga ye-arcing.Ngakho-ke kunezingozi ezifihliwe ekuxhumekeni kwe-inter-plug kanye nokuhlangana kwezixhumi.

Inkinga yesithathu ukuthi izinkampani ezikhiqiza izixhumi zixubile, futhi izinkampani eziningi ezincane ngisho nama-workshops ziyabandakanyeka.Ngithole into ehlekisayo ocwaningweni.Abakhiqizi abaningi bezixhumi basekhaya babiza imikhiqizo yabo yesixhumi i-MC4.Bacabanga ukuthi leli yitemu elijwayelekile lezixhumi embonini.Kukhona nezinkampani ezingazodwana ezishiya ngisho okomgunyathi futhi ziphrinte ngokuqondile uphawu lwenkampani ye-MC.

”Ngesikhathi lezi zixhumi zomgunyathi ezimakwe ngophawu lwenkampani ye-MC zibuyiswa ukuze zizohlolwa, sazizwa siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sikujabulele ukwabelana ngomkhiqizo wethu nokuduma.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bekufanele sibhekane nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zomgunyathi, kanti futhi yintengo ephansi.”Ngokusho kuka-MC Hong Weigang, ngokusho kwamandla okukhiqiza emhlabeni jikelele we-MC wamanje we-30-35GW, isikali sehlisiwe saba ngokwedlulele, futhi nokulawulwa kwezindleko kwenziwe kahle kakhulu.“Kodwa kungani basephansi kunathi?Siqala ekukhetheni izinto, okokufaka kobuchwepheshe okuyisisekelo, inqubo yokukhiqiza, imishini yokukhiqiza, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezinye izici ziyahlaziywa.Ukugcwaliseka kwamanani aphansi ngokuvamile kudela izici eziningi.Ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yesibili yokubuyisela okwamanje kuyiphutha elivamile ekuziphatheni kokunciphisa izindleko.Ukuncintisana ngamanani aphansi kuvame ukuba Lokhu kuyiqiniso elilula mayelana nokusika amakhona nezinto zokwakha.Ngokuqondene nemboni ye-photovoltaic, ukunciphisa izindleko kuwumsebenzi oqhubekayo futhi onzima.Zonke izici zemboni zisebenza kanzima, njengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa, ukukhulisa amandla kagesi wesistimu, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye eziphazamisayo.Ukwandisa izinga lokuzenzakalela, njll. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa izindleko nokungalokothi kwehlise izinga lomkhiqizo kuyisimiso okufanele silandelwe.”

UShen Qianping we-MC Company wengeze wathi: “Ama-Copycat nawo adinga ubuchwepheshe.I-MC inobuchwepheshe be-watchband ye-Multiam Technology (ubuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi), obungakwazi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana nokuxhumana kwesixhumi kuphansi kakhulu, kodwa futhi kunokumelana okuqhubekayo okuphansi kokuxhumana.Kungabalwa futhi kulawulwe.Kungakanani ukugeleza kwamanje kanye nokumelana nokuxhumana kungabalwa.Ukumelana kwamaphuzu amabili okuxhumana kungahlaziywa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi singakanani isikhala sokukhipha ukushisa, bese ukhetha umkhiqizo wokuxhuma ofanele ngokwezidingo zekhasimende.Ubuchwepheshe bezintambo budinga ubuchwepheshe benqubo obuyinkimbinkimbi, obulingiswa kakhulu.Ezilingiswayo kulula ukuzikhubaza.Lokhu ukuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe benkampani yaseSwitzerland, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nenani lomklamo womkhiqizo ngokwawo akunakuqhathaniswa. "

4 million kWh eminyakeni engama-25

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo sokuthi izixhumi zigcine ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphansi, futhi izinkampani eziningi embonini seziqalile ukwenza kanjalo, kodwa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nokuxhumana okuphansi kudinga ukuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe okuzinzile nokusekelwa kwe-R&D, okuqhubekayo isikhathi eside- ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kanye nokuthintana okuphansi Ukumelana akuqinisekisi ngempumelelo kuphela ukusebenza okuvamile kwezixhumanisi ezincane zesiteshi sikagesi, kodwa futhi kukhiqiza izinzuzo ezingalindelekile zesiteshi sikagesi.

Ngabe ukumelana nokuxhumana kwesixhumi se-PV kuthinta kangakanani ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokukhiqiza amandla we-PV?U-Hong Weigang ubale lokhu.Ethatha iphrojekthi ye-PV engu-100MW njengesibonelo, waqhathanisa ukumelana nokuxhumana kwesixhumi se-MC PV (isilinganiso esingu-0.35m Ω) nokumelana okuphezulu kokuxhumana okungu-5m Ω okucaciswe kuzinga lamazwe ngamazwe le-en50521.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokumelana nokuxhumana okuphezulu, ukumelana okuphansi kokuxhumana kwenza uhlelo lwe-PV lusebenze kahle Cishe ugesi ongu-160000 kwh ukhiqizwa minyaka yonke, futhi cishe ugesi ongaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4 kwh ukhiqizwa eminyakeni engu-25.Kungabonakala ukuthi inzuzo yezomnotho elethwa ukumelana nokuxhumana okuphansi okuqhubekayo inkulu kakhulu.Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukumelana nokuthintana okuphezulu kuthambekele ekuhlulekeni, ukushintshwa kwezingxenye ezengeziwe kanye nesikhathi esengeziwe sokulungisa kuyadingeka, okusho ukuthi izindleko zokunakekela eziphezulu.

”Esikhathini esizayo, imboni izoba ngochwepheshe kakhulu, futhi kuzoba nomehluko osobala ngokwengeziwe phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwamabhokisi okuhlangana kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezixhumi.Izindinganiso zokuxhuma kanye nezindinganiso zamabhokisi okuhlangana zizothuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe emikhakheni yazo, futhi ukugxilwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuzo zonke izixhumanisi zochungechunge lwezimboni kuzothuthukiswa, "kusho u-Hong WeingGang.Yiqiniso, ekugcineni, izinkampani ezifuna ngempela ukuhlala isikhathi eside zizonaka impahla ngokwayo, inqubo, izinga lokukhiqiza kanye nomkhiqizo.Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokwazo, kokubili izinto zethusi zangaphandle kanye nezinto zethusi zasekhaya ziyizinto zethusi ezinegama elifanayo, kodwa izilinganiso zesici kuzo zihlukile, okuholela ekuhlukeni ekusebenzeni kwezingxenye.Ngakho-ke, kudingeka sifunde futhi siqongelele isikhathi eside. ”

Ngenxa yokuthi isixhumi “sincane”, umklami wamanje wesiteshi samandla kagesi kanye nenkampani ye-EPC abavamile ukucabangela ukufaniswa kwesixhumi lapho beklama futhi bakha isiteshi sikagesi;umphakeli wengxenye futhi akanaki kakhulu isixhumi lapho ekhetha ibhokisi lokuhlangana;Abanikazi beziteshi zikagesi nabaqhubi abanayo indlela yokuqonda umthelela wezixhumi.Ngakho-ke, kunezingozi eziningi ezifihliwe ngaphambi kokuba inkinga idalulwe endaweni enkulu.

Ama-backplanes e-Photovoltaic, amaseli elanga e-PID, nawo ayanakwa yimboni ngemuva kokudalulwa kwenkinga.Kwethenjwa ukuthi isixhumi singadonsa ukunaka ngaphambi kokuba inkinga ivezwe endaweni enkulu, futhi ivimbele inkinga ngaphambi kokuba yenzeke.