Abubuwan haɗin Hotuna na Hotuna waɗanda ba za a iya watsi da su ba: ƙananan abubuwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa

Modulolin Photovoltaic suna da rayuwar sabis na ƙira fiye da shekaru 25.Hakazalika, an saita madaidaitan buƙatun don rayuwar aiki na kayan aikin lantarki masu tallafawa.Kowane bangaren lantarki yana da rayuwarsa ta injina.Rayuwar wutar lantarki tana da alaƙa da matuƙar fa'idar tashar wutar lantarki.Don haka, ana buƙatar kulawa da rayuwa da ingancin abubuwan da aka gyara.

Ana amfani da tsire-tsire masu amfani da wutar lantarki da yawa a yankunan plateau, kuma wasu daga cikinsu ana rarraba su ta hanyar rarraba wutar lantarki.Rarraba yana da ɗan warwatse.Wannan yanayin yana da ɗan wahalar kiyayewa.Don rage farashin kulawa, hanya mai mahimmanci ita ce inganta amincin tsarin, kuma amincin tsarin ya dogara da amincin abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin.

Abubuwan da muke kula da su a nan ba su ne manyan sassan da galibi kuke lura da su ba, amma in mun gwada da ƙananan sassa kamar haɗe-haɗe, na'urorin lantarki marasa ƙarfi,igiyoyi, da sauransu. Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, mafi kusantar haifar da matsala.A yau za mu yi nazari akanmasu haɗin kai.

Masu haɗawa a ko'ina

A cikin kulawar yau da kullun na shuke-shuken wutar lantarki na photovoltaic, manyan kayan aiki irin su abubuwan da aka gyara, ɗakunan rarraba wutar lantarki na DC, da masu juyawa sune manyan abubuwan damuwa.Wannan bangare shine cewa dole ne mu kula da al'ada da kwanciyar hankali, saboda suna da babban yiwuwar rashin nasara kuma suna da tasiri mai girma bayan gazawar.

Amma a wasu hanyoyin, akwai wasu kurakuran da mutane ba su sani ba ko kuma su yi watsi da su.Hasali ma sun riga sun yi asarar wutar lantarki ba tare da sun sani ba.Wato a nan ne za mu iya haɓaka samar da wutar lantarki.To wane kayan aiki ne ke shafar samar da wutar lantarki?

Akwai wurare da yawa a cikin tashar wutar lantarki inda ake buƙatar musaya.Abubuwan da aka haɗa, akwatunan mahaɗa, inverters, akwatunan haɗawa, da sauransu duk suna buƙatar na'ura ——mai haɗawa.Kowane akwatin mahaɗa yana amfani da mahaɗa biyu.Adadin kowane akwatin haɗawa yana da alaƙa da ƙira.Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da nau'i-nau'i 8 zuwa 16, yayin da masu juyawa ke amfani da nau'i-nau'i 2 zuwa nau'i-nau'i 4 ko fiye.A lokaci guda, dole ne a yi amfani da takamaiman adadin masu haɗawa a cikin ginin ƙarshe na tashar wutar lantarki.

Ɓoyayyun gazawar suna faruwa akai-akai

Mai haɗawa ƙarami ne, ana buƙatar amfani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da yawa, kuma farashi kaɗan ne.Kuma akwai kamfanoni da yawa waɗanda ke samar da haɗin haɗin.Don haka, mutane kaɗan ne ke kula da amfani da na'ura mai haɗawa, abin da zai faru idan aka yi amfani da shi da kyau, kuma idan ba a yi amfani da shi da kyau ba menene sakamakon.Koyaya, bayan zurfafa zurfafa zurfafa zurfafa zurfafa bincike da fahimta, an gano cewa saboda waɗannan dalilai ne samfuran da gasar ke cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa suna da rudani sosai.

Da farko, mun fara bincike daga aikace-aikacen tashar.Tun da yawancin hanyoyin haɗin kai a cikin tashar wutar lantarki suna buƙatar amfani da masu haɗawa, za mu iya ganin aikace-aikacen samfurin na masu haɗawa daban-daban a wurin, kamar akwatunan junction, akwatunan haɗakarwa, abubuwan da aka gyara, igiyoyi, da dai sauransu, masu haɗawa Siffar tana kama da haka.Wadannan na'urori sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin tashar wutar lantarki.Wani lokaci akan sami hatsarori, tun asali mutane suna tunanin matsala ce da akwatin junction ko kuma bangaren da kanta.Bayan bincike, an gano cewa yana da alaƙa da haɗin haɗin.

Misali, idan na’urar sadarwa ta kama wuta, masu da yawa za su yi korafi game da bangaren, domin daya bangaren na’uran na’ura ce ta bangaren, amma a wasu lokutan na’urar ta haifar da shi.

Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, matsalolin da ke tattare da mahaɗin sun haɗa da: ƙara yawan juriya na lamba, samar da zafi na mahaɗin, gajeriyar rayuwa, wuta a kan mahaɗin, ƙonewa na haɗin, gazawar wutar lantarki na sassan igiyoyi, gazawar akwatin junction, da kuma ɓarna ɓangarori, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya haifar da gazawar tsarin, tunowar samfurin, lalacewar allon kewayawa, sake yin aiki da gyare-gyaren zai haifar da asarar manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da tasirin wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki, kuma mafi muni shine bala'in gobara.

Misali, juriya na lamba ya zama ya fi girma, kuma juriyar lamba na mai haɗa kai tsaye yana shafar ingantaccen ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki.Saboda haka, "ƙananan juriya na lamba" shine abin da ake bukata don masu haɗin hoto na photovoltaic.Bugu da kari, juriya mai tsayi da yawa na iya haifar da mai haɗawa ya yi zafi kuma ya haifar da wuta bayan zafi fiye da kima.Wannan kuma shine dalilin matsalolin tsaro a yawancin wuraren wutar lantarki na photovoltaic.

Idan aka koma ga tushen wadannan matsalolin, na farko shi ne shigar da tashar wutar lantarki a mataki na karshe.Binciken da aka gudanar ya gano cewa yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki na samun matsala wajen tafiyar da wasu na’urorin sadarwa a lokacin da ake yin gaggawar zuwa lokacin aikin, wanda kai tsaye ya haifar da boyayyun hadura ga aikin wutar lantarkin daga baya.

Ƙungiyoyin gine-gine ko kamfanonin EPC na wasu manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa a yamma ba su da isasshen fahimtar masu haɗawa, kuma akwai matsalolin shigarwa da yawa.Misali, mai haɗin nau'in goro yana buƙatar kayan aikin ƙwararru don aikin taimako.Karkashin aiki daidai, goro akan mai haɗawa ba za a iya murƙushe shi zuwa ƙarshe ba.Ya kamata a sami tazarar kusan 2mm yayin aikin (rabin ya dogara da diamita na waje na kebul).Tsayawa goro zuwa ƙarshe zai lalata aikin hatimin mai haɗin.

A lokaci guda kuma, akwai matsaloli a cikin crimping, mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa kayan aikin ba su da kwarewa.Wasu ma’aikatan da ke wurin kai tsaye suna amfani da rashin inganci ko ma kayan aikin gama-gari don crimping, wanda hakan zai haifar da gurɓataccen ɓarna, kamar lanƙwasa wayar tagulla a haɗin gwiwa, gazawar murƙushe wasu wayoyi na tagulla, kuskuren danna maɓallin kebul, da dai sauransu, da sakamakon haka. na mummunan crimping yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da amincin tashar wutar lantarki.

Wani aikin kuma shine saboda makantar bin aikin shigarwa, yana haifar da raguwar ingancin crimping.Idan wurin ginin ba zai iya tabbatar da ingancin kowane crimping don gaggawar aiki ba, tare da yin amfani da kayan aikin da ba su da kwarewa zai haifar da ƙarin matsaloli.

Ƙwararrun masu shigarwa da kansu suna da tasiri a kan matakin shigarwa na haɗin haɗin.A saboda wannan dalili, kamfanoni masu sana'a a cikin masana'antu sun ba da shawarar cewa idan aka yi amfani da kayan aikin ƙwararru da kuma hanyoyin aiki daidai, za a inganta ingancin aikin.

Matsala ta biyu ita ce ana amfani da kayayyakin haɗin kai daban-daban cikin ruɗani.Masu haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban an haɗa su cikin juna.Akwatunan mahaɗa, akwatunan haɗaɗɗiya, da inverters duk suna amfani da masu haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna amfani da su, kuma ba a la'akari da daidaitawar haɗin gwiwa kwata-kwata.

Dan jaridar ya yi hira da masu gidajen wutar lantarki da dama da kamfanonin EPC, kuma ya tambaye su ko sun san hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma lokacin da na’urorin sadarwa suka samu matsala, amsoshinsu duk sun yi asara.Ma'aikatan da ke aiki da kuma kula da manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa sun ce: "Mai haɗin haɗin kai ya bayyana cewa ana iya haɗa shi cikin juna, kuma ana iya shigar da shi cikin MC4."

An fahimci cewa ra'ayoyin masu shi da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da kulawa gaskiya ne.A halin yanzu, ainihin duk masu samar da haɗin hoto na hoto za su bayyana wa abokan cinikin su cewa za su iya shiga tare da MC4.Me yasa MC4 yake?

An ba da rahoton cewa MC4 samfurin samfurin haɗin kai ne.Mai sana'anta shine Swiss Stäubli Multi-Contact (wanda aka fi sani da MC a cikin masana'antu), tare da rabon kasuwa fiye da 50% daga 2010 zuwa 2013. MC4 wani samfurin ne a cikin jerin samfuran kamfanin, wanda ya shahara da shi. m aikace-aikace.

Don haka, sauran samfuran masu haɗin alama a kasuwa za su iya da gaske shiga tare da MC4?

A cikin wata hira, Hong Weigang, manajan sashen photovoltaic na Stäubli Multi-Contact, ya ba da tabbatacciyar amsa: “Babban ɓangaren matsalar masu haɗa haɗin haɗin gwiwa yana daga shigar juna.Ba mu taɓa ba da shawarar cewa masu haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban an saka su tare da daidaita su.Hakanan ba a yarda ba.Masu haɗin haɗi na samfuran daban-daban ba za a iya dace da juna, da kuma juriya karuwa zasu karu idan an yi aiki ta wannan hanyar.Hukumar ba da takardar shaida ta kuma bayyana cewa ba a ba da izinin saduwa da juna ba, kuma samfuran jeri ɗaya daga masana'anta ɗaya ne kawai aka yarda a haɗa juna.Kayayyakin MC za a iya daidaita su tare da toshe su kuma suna dacewa. "

A kan wannan batu, mun tuntubi kamfanonin ba da takardar shaida guda biyu, TüV Rheinland da TüV ta Kudu Jamus, kuma amsar ita ce samfuran haɗin nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban ba za su iya daidaitawa da juna ba.Idan dole ne ka yi amfani da shi, yana da kyau a yi gwajin daidaitawa a gaba.Xu Hailiang, Manajan Sashen Photovoltaic na TüV SÜD, ya ce: "Wasu daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar kwaikwayo suna da ƙira iri ɗaya, amma aikin lantarki ya bambanta, kuma samfuran sun bambanta.Matsaloli da yawa sun bayyana a gwajin daidaitawa na yanzu.Ta hanyar gwaji, masu tashar wutar lantarki za su iya ƙarin koyo game da matsalolin gabaɗaya, alal misali, bayan amfani da dogon lokaci, za a sami rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau a nan gaba."Ya ba da shawarar cewa masu haɗin gwiwa da masu tashar wutar lantarki ya kamata su mai da hankali ga kayan samfur da kwatancen takaddun shaida, sannan su yi la'akari da yadda za a zaɓi masu haɗawa.

"Mafi kyawun yanayi shine a yi amfani da samfuran samfuran kamfani ɗaya a cikin tsari iri ɗaya, amma yawancin tashoshin wutar lantarki suna da masu samar da haɗin kai da yawa.Ko ana iya daidaita waɗannan masu haɗin haɗin gwiwa wani haɗari ne na ɓoye.Misali, tashar wutar lantarki tana da masu haɗin MC, RenHe, da Quick Contact, ko da kamfanoni uku sun ba da tabbacin ingancin samfur, har yanzu suna buƙatar yin la’akari da batun daidaitawa.Don rage haɗarin gwargwadon yuwuwar, kamfanoni da yawa da wasu masu saka hannun jari na tashar wutar lantarki suna buƙatar gwaje-gwaje masu dacewa.A cewar Zhu Qifeng, manajan tallace-tallace na sashen samfurin hoto na TüV SÜD, Zhang Jialin, manajan tallace-tallace na sashen daukar hoto na TüV Rheinland, ya kuma yarda.Ya ce Rheinland ya yi gwaje-gwaje da yawa, kuma tun da an sami matsaloli, ba a ba da shawarar juna ba.

“Idan juriyar ta yi girma sosai, na’urar sadarwa za ta kama wuta, kuma yawan juriya na sadarwa zai sa na’urar ta kone, kuma za a yanke sassan igiyar.Bugu da ƙari, yawancin kamfanoni na gida sun dogara da haɗin kai mai wuyar gaske lokacin shigarwa, wanda ke haifar da yanayin zafi, kuma kebul ɗin yana da matsala., Kuskuren zafin jiki ya kai digiri 12-20."Shen Qianping, ƙwararren ƙwararrun samfura a sashen daukar hoto na Stäubli Multi-Contact, ya nuna muhimmancin matsalar.

An ba da rahoton cewa MC bai taɓa bayyana juriyar samfuransa ba.A wasu kalmomi, yawancin masu haɗin hoto na hoto a kasuwa sun dogara ne akan nazarin samfurori na MC4 don tsara nasu samfurin haƙuri.Ba tare da la'akari da tasirin abubuwan sarrafawa na samarwa ba, haƙurin samfuran daban-daban sun bambanta.Akwai manyan hadin hendet lokacin da masu haɗin yanar gizo aka sanya su cikin juna, musamman a manyan wutar lantarki da ke amfani da ƙarin masu haɗawa.

A halin yanzu, akwai babban cece-kuce a cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa a cikin masana'antar game da batun shigar da juna.Wani adadi mai yawa na masu haɗin gida da kamfanonin akwatin junction sun bayyana cewa samfuran nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban sun tsallake gwajin kamfanin dubawa kuma ba su da wani tasiri.

Saboda babu wani ma'auni ɗaya, ƙa'idodin takaddun shaida da kamfanonin gwaji a cikin masana'antar ba iri ɗaya ba ne.EUROLAB yana da wasu bambance-bambance tare da t ü V Rhine, Nande da UL a cikin matsalar haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa.A cewar Cheng Wanmao, manajan kungiyar photovoltaic na Intertek, ba a sami matsaloli masu yawa a wasu gwaje-gwajen da suka dace ba.Koyaya, dangane da matakin fasaha, ban da matsalar juriya, akwai matsalar harbi.Don haka akwai ɓoyayyun hatsarori a cikin haɗa haɗin haɗin gwiwa da mating na masu haɗawa.

Matsala ta uku ita ce, kamfanonin kera haɗin haɗin gwiwa sun haɗu, kuma ƙananan kamfanoni da yawa har ma da taron bita suna shiga.Na sami wani abin ban dariya a cikin binciken.Yawancin masana'antun haɗin gida suna kiran samfuran haɗin kansu sune MC4.Suna tsammanin wannan shine kalmar gabaɗaya don masu haɗawa a cikin masana'antar.Akwai kuma kamfanoni guda ɗaya waɗanda har ma suna barin jabun kuma kai tsaye suna buga tambarin kamfanin MC.

"Lokacin da aka dawo da waɗannan na'urorin haɗin jabu masu alamar tambarin kamfanin MC don gwaji, mun ji da wahala sosai.A gefe guda, mun gamsu da rabon samfuranmu da shaharar mu.A daya bangaren kuma, mun fuskanci matsalolin jabu iri-iri, sannan kuma yana da tsada.”A cewar MC Hong Weigang, bisa ga karfin samar da MC a duniya na yanzu na 30-35GW, an rage ma'aunin zuwa matsananci, kuma an yi kokarin sarrafa farashi sosai.“Amma me ya sa har yanzu suna kasa da mu?Mun fara daga zaɓin kayan aiki, shigarwar fasaha na ainihi, tsarin masana'antu, kayan aikin masana'antu, kula da inganci da sauran fannoni ana nazarin su.Ganewar ƙananan farashin sau da yawa yana sadaukar da bangarori da yawa.Amfani da kayan dawowa na biyu a halin yanzu kuskure ne na gama gari a cikin halayen rage farashi.Gasar ƙarancin farashi tana kula da Wannan gaskiya ce mai sauƙi dangane da yankan sasanninta da kayan.Dangane da masana'antar photovoltaic, rage farashin aiki ne mai ci gaba da wahala.Duk bangarorin masana'antu suna aiki tuƙuru, kamar haɓaka haɓakar juzu'i, haɓaka ƙarfin tsarin, da ƙirar ɓarna mai ɓarna.Haɓaka matakin sarrafa kansa, da sauransu. Amma a lokaci guda rage farashi kuma ba za a taɓa rage ingancin samfur wata ka'ida ce wacce dole ne a bi ta. "

Shen Qianping na Kamfanin MC ya kara da cewa: “Masu kwafi kuma suna bukatar fasaha.MC yana da fasahar agogon fasaha ta Multiam Technology (fasaha mai ƙima), wanda ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa juriya na mai haɗin yana da ƙasa kaɗan ba, har ma yana da ci gaba da juriya mara ƙarancin lamba.Hakanan ana iya ƙididdige shi da sarrafa shi.Nawa za a iya ƙididdige yawan kwararar halin yanzu da juriyar lamba.Ana iya nazarin juriya na wuraren tuntuɓar biyu don gano yawan sarari don watsar da zafi, kuma zaɓi samfurin haɗin da ya dace daidai da bukatun abokin ciniki.Fasahar madauri yana buƙatar wasu fasaha mai rikitarwa, wanda aka kwaikwayi sosai.Kwaikwayo yana da sauƙin nakasa.Wannan ita ce tarin fasaha na kamfanin Swiss, kuma ba za a iya kwatanta saka hannun jari da ƙimar ƙirar samfurin kanta ba. "

4 miliyan kWh a cikin shekaru 25

An fahimci cewa shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don masu haɗawa don kula da ƙananan juriya na tuntuɓar sadarwa, kuma yawancin kamfanoni a cikin masana'antu sun fara yin haka, amma kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da ƙananan juriya suna buƙatar ƙarin haɓaka fasahar fasaha da goyon bayan R & D, ci gaba da dogon lokaci. kwanciyar hankali na lokaci da ƙarancin tuntuɓar Resistance ba wai kawai yana tabbatar da aikin yau da kullun na ƙananan hanyoyin tashar wutar lantarki ba, har ma yana haifar da fa'idodin da ba zato ba tsammani ga tashar wutar lantarki.

Nawa ne juriyar lamba na mai haɗin PV ke shafar ingancin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na PV?Hong Weigang ya lissafta wannan.Ɗaukar aikin PV na 100MW a matsayin misali, ya kwatanta juriyar lambar sadarwa na mai haɗin MC PV (matsakaicin 0.35m Ω) tare da matsakaicin juriya na 5m Ω da aka ƙayyade a cikin daidaitattun duniya en50521.Idan aka kwatanta da babban juriya na lamba, ƙananan juriya na sadarwa yana sa tsarin PV ya fi dacewa Game da 160000 kwh mafi yawan wutar lantarki ana samar da wutar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma kimanin 4 miliyan kwh ana samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru 25.Ana iya ganin cewa fa'idar tattalin arziƙin da ci gaba da juriya mara ƙarfi ya kawo yana da yawa sosai.Idan akai la'akari da cewa mafi girman juriya na tuntuɓar ya fi dacewa da gazawa, ana buƙatar ƙarin maye gurbin sassa da ƙarin lokacin kulawa, wanda ke nufin ƙimar kulawa mafi girma.

"A nan gaba, masana'antu za su kasance masu ƙwarewa, kuma za a ƙara samun bambance-bambance a tsakanin masana'antun akwatin junction da masana'antun haɗin.Hong WeingGang ya ce, za a kara inganta matsayin masu haɗin kai da ma'auni na akwatin haɗin gwiwa a fannonin su, kuma za a haɓaka yawan abubuwan da ke cikin dukkan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, "in ji Hong WeingGang.Tabbas, a ƙarshe, kamfanonin da suke so su zama dogon lokaci za su kula da kayan da kanta, tsari, matakin masana'antu da alama.Dangane da kayan da kanta, duka kayan tagulla na kasashen waje da kayan tagulla na cikin gida kayan jan ƙarfe ne da suna iri ɗaya, amma nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin su sun bambanta, wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan abubuwan.Don haka muna bukatar mu koyo kuma mu tara na dogon lokaci.”

Saboda mai haɗawa yana "ƙananan", mai tsara tashar wutar lantarki na yanzu da kamfanin EPC da wuya yayi la'akari da ma'auni na haɗin lokacin da aka tsara da gina tashar wutar lantarki;Hakanan mai samar da kayan yana ba da kulawa kaɗan ga mai haɗawa yayin zabar akwatin junction;Masu tashar wutar lantarki da masu aiki ba su da hanyar fahimtar tasirin masu haɗawa.Don haka, akwai haɗarin ɓoye da yawa kafin a fallasa matsalar a babban yanki.

Jiragen baya na Photovoltaic, PID solar Kwayoyin, su ma masana'antar ta kula bayan an fallasa matsalar.Ana fatan na'urar sadarwa zata iya jawo hankali kafin matsalar ta bayyana a wani yanki mai girman gaske, da kuma hana matsalar kafin ta faru.